Assessing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Curaçao’s Power Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A representative prototype of Curaçao’s power grid is proposed, the data of which was made available to the academic community to carry out further studies;
- The impacts of EVs on line chargeability and voltage profiles are analyzed considering different EV participation scenarios, as well as voltage and chargeability indices;
- An upgrade of the network is proposed and validated to mitigate the impacts of EVs in the power grid.
2. Curaçao’s Electric Power Grid Representation
2.1. Generation
2.2. Transformers
2.3. Buses
2.4. Underground Lines
2.5. Aggregated Loads
3. Methodology to Assess the Effect of EVs
3.1. Charging of EVs
- Level 1 or AC trickling charging;
- Level 2 or AC fast charging;
- Level 3 or DC fast charging.
3.2. Load Modeling
3.3. Indices for Chargeability and Voltage Assessment
4. Tests and Results
- Curaçao’s network is capable of hosting an EV penetration of up to 3.5% relative to the current vehicle fleet in high-, medium-, and low-demand scenarios;
- The network is capable of supporting an EV penetration of up to 4% in the medium- and low-demand scenarios;
- To enable the network to support an EV penetration of 4.5% in all scenarios, it is necessary to carry out some network upgrades.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Power Plant | Number of Generators | Nominal Power [MW] |
---|---|---|
Station 1a | 4 | 8.9 |
Station 1b | 4 | 9.8 |
Station 2 | 4 | 8.3 |
Station 3 | 6 | 6.25 |
Station 3 | 1 | 5.3 |
Total | 19 | 150.8 |
Wind Park | Turbine Quantity | Nominal Power [MW] | Power Factor | Voltage [kV] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | 2.8 | 0.95 | 1 |
2 | 5 | 3.0 | 0.95 | 1 |
3 | 5 | 3.45 | 0.95 | 1 |
Quantity | Name | Rated Power MVA | Voltage-In kV | Voltage-Out kV | Reactance x1 p.u. | Resistance r1 p.u. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | TRG 1.2 | 1.5 | 11 | 11 | 0.03 | 0 |
1 | TRG 1.3 | 1.5 | 11 | 11 | 0.03 | 0 |
2 | TRG 1.1 | 50 | 11 | 66 | 0.05913048 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TGR 1.4 | 50 | 11 | 66 | 0.05913048 | 0.00290888 |
1 | TGR 2.1 | 1.5 | 11 | 11 | 0.05 | 0.00656212 |
1 | TGR 2.2 | 1.5 | 11 | 11 | 0.05 | 0.00656212 |
1 | TGR 2.3 | 45 | 11 | 66 | 0.05913 | 0.00198434 |
1 | TGR 2.4 | 45 | 11 | 66 | 0.05913 | 0.00198434 |
1 | TGR 2.5 | 75 | 66 | 30 | 0.05913043 | 0.00450707 |
1 | TGR 2.6 | 75 | 66 | 30 | 0.05913043 | 0.00450707 |
1 | TGR 3.1 | 8 | 11 | 30 | 0.05 | 0.0041349 |
6 | TGR 3.1 | 16 | 11 | 30 | 0.05913043 | 0.00256748 |
1 | TG 3.1 | 1.5 | 30 | 30 | 0.05 | 0.00715276 |
1 | TG 3.2 | 1.5 | 30 | 30 | 0.05 | 0.00715276 |
2 | TR2 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR3 | 25 | 30 | 12 | 0.05 | 0.00329128 |
2 | TR4 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR5 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR6 | 25 | 30 | 12 | 0.05 | 0.00329128 |
2 | TR7 | 10 | 30 | 12 | 0.05 | 0.00423796 |
2 | TR7.3 | 8 | 30 | 6 | 0.05 | 0.00450707 |
2 | TR8 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR9 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR10 | 10 | 30 | 12 | 0.05 | 0.00423796 |
2 | TR11 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
2 | TR12 | 10 | 30 | 12 | 0.05 | 0.00423796 |
2 | TR13 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 0.05913043 | 0.00290888 |
5 | TRW1 | 3.1 | 30 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00437125 |
5 | TRW2 | 3.1 | 30 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00437125 |
2 | TRW3 | 3.75 | 30 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00414761 |
Nominal Voltage kV | Type |
---|---|
66 | Double Bus |
11 | Single Bus |
30 | Double Bus |
30 | Single Bus |
30 | Single Bus |
30 | Single (short) Bus |
30 | Double (short) Bus |
12 | Single Bus with Tie Breaker |
12 | Double Bus |
6 | Single Bus (ABC-N) |
RateinVoltage kV | Rated Current | AC Resistance R’ (20 °C) | Reactance X’ | AC-Resistance R0’ | Reactance X0’ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 0.814 | 0.0314 | 0.1162389 | 0.1257 | 0.4649556 |
30 | 0.525 | 0.0833 | 0.1099557 | 0.3333 | 0.4398228 |
Name | Active Power MW | Reactive Power Mvar |
---|---|---|
LD2A | 10.55 | 3.49 |
LD2AB | 10.55 | 3.49 |
LD3A | 4.31 | 1.4166 |
LD3B | 4.31 | 1.4166 |
LD4A | 8.02 | 2.636 |
LD4B | 8.02 | 2.636 |
LD5A | 3.49 | 1.147 |
LD5B | 3.49 | 1.147 |
LD6A | 3.93 | 1.2917 |
LD6B | 3.93 | 1.2917 |
LD7A | 1.61 | 0.5292 |
LD7B | 1.61 | 0.5292 |
LD8A | 8.87 | 2.9154 |
LD8B | 8.87 | 2.9154 |
LD9A | 7.64 | 2.511 |
LD9B | 7.64 | 2.511 |
LD10A | 2.29 | 0.7527 |
LD10B | 2.29 | 0.7527 |
LD11A | 2.33 | 0.7658 |
LD11B | 2.33 | 0.7658 |
LD12A | 6.78 | 2.2285 |
LD12B | 6.78 | 2.2285 |
LD13A | 3.85 | 1.265 |
LD13B | 3.85 | 1.265 |
Charging Levels | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Phase | 1 phase AC | 1/3 phase AC | 3 phase AC or DC |
Voltage | 120 V | 240 V | 208 V–600 V |
Current | 11 A, 16 A | 16 A, 32 A, 80 A | 240 A, 480 A |
Power | 1.4 kW, 1.9 kW | 4 kW, 8 kW, 19.2 kW | 50 kW, 100 kW |
Installation | Domestic location | Domestic/Public location | Public location |
Type | |||
---|---|---|---|
AC Fast Charging | 0.0034 | −0.1199 | 1.086 |
DC Fast Charging | 0.0620 | −0.2199 | 1.156 |
DC Super Fast Charging | 0.1816 | 0.951 |
EV Stations | Charge Level | Case 0.5% [MW] | Case 1% [MW] | Case 1.5% [MW] | Case 2% [MW] | Case 2.5% [MW] | Case 3% [MW] | Case 3.5% [MW] | Case 4% [MW] | Case 4.5% [MW] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 22.5 | 30 | 47 | 57.5 | 78.8 | 90 | 112 |
2 | 3 | 2.5 | 5 | 11.25 | 15 | 16.25 | 20 | 21.9 | 25 | 30.5 |
3 | 3 | 4.25 | 8.75 | 15.25 | 20.35 | 22.85 | 27.5 | 32.8 | 37.5 | 39 |
4 | 2 | 4.25 | 8.75 | 12.75 | 17 | 23.75 | 28.5 | 30.6 | 35 | 35 |
5 | 2 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.99 | 1.25 |
6 | 2 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 1.06 |
7 | 2 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.77 |
8 | 2 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.5624 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.56 |
Vehicles | - | 412 | 824 | 1235 | 1647 | 2059 | 2471 | 2883 | 3294 | 3706 |
EVs Penetration | Case 3% | Case 3.5% | Case 4% | Case 4.5% |
---|---|---|---|---|
High Demand | 0 | 0.29 | 1.25 | 2.23 |
Medium Demand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.59 |
Low Demand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.068 |
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Robles-Lozano, G.; Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, S.D.; Zuluaga-Ríos, C.D.; López-Lezama, J.M.; Muñoz-Galeano, N. Assessing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Curaçao’s Power Network. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080231
Robles-Lozano G, Saldarriaga-Zuluaga SD, Zuluaga-Ríos CD, López-Lezama JM, Muñoz-Galeano N. Assessing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Curaçao’s Power Network. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2023; 14(8):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080231
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobles-Lozano, Geolain, Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Carlos D. Zuluaga-Ríos, Jesús M. López-Lezama, and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano. 2023. "Assessing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Curaçao’s Power Network" World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 8: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080231