Maximum Tolerated Number of Simultaneous BEV Charging Events in a Typical Low-Voltage Grid for Urban Residential Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The definition of a typical LV grid in a German metropolitan urban area, including associated bottlenecks;
- The definition of the worst-case grid scenarios, as well as determining the maximum number of BEVs that can be charged simultaneously without exceeding the voltage and transformer/line loadings restrictions;
- The calculation of the actual number of BEVs in the LV network whose charging demands cause the grid’s parameters to be violated.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Grid Topology
- The total number of LV feeders per transformer;
- The total length of LV lines (km), as well as their classification based on overhead lines and underground cables;
- The total number of transformers and their rated power (kVA);
- The total number of house connections, including allocated electric meter, consumer types, and the predicted yearly consumption (kWh).
2.2. BEV Load Modeling
- Create a text file from the Qt-application’s output, which indicates the BEV charging power over time;
- Model the BEV in PowerFactory using LV load;
- Define the time characteristic parameter of the LV load using the text file.
2.3. The Objective and Constraints
- To what extent can the existing LV grid be reliably used for the development of the charging infrastructure?
- What correlations exist between charging procedures, other loads, and the grid operational parameters?
- To what extent should electromobility be incorporated into the current planning and operating principles of distribution networks? What strategy can be recommended in this circumstance?
- The transformer;
- The first segment of the line, through which most of the current flows;
- The voltage at the feeder’s last connection point.
3. Results
3.1. Case Studies
3.1.1. Scenario #1: Initial Scenario
3.1.2. Scenario #2: Worst-Case Scenario
3.2. Simulation Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenario #2 | VDE FNN Study | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Critical Grid’s Bottlenecks | Total Charging Power (kW) | Number of BEVs | BEV Penetration Level | Number of Wallboxes [23] | SF [23] | BEV Penetration Level |
Voltage (in 150 mm2 cable) | 77 | 7 | 0.26 (7/27) | 22 | 0.32 | 0.81 (22/27) |
Voltage (in 240 mm2 cable) and Line overloading (in 150 mm2 cable) | 154 | 14 | 0.51 (14/27) | 82 | 0.17 | 3.03 (82/27) |
Line overloading (in 240 mm2 cable) | 220 | 20 | 0.74 (20/27) | 143 | 0.14 | 5.3 (143/27) |
Transformer overloading | 517 | 47 | 0.17 (47/270) | 376 | 0.125 | 1.39 (376/270) |
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Fakhrooeian, P.; Hentrich, R.; Pitz, V. Maximum Tolerated Number of Simultaneous BEV Charging Events in a Typical Low-Voltage Grid for Urban Residential Area. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070165
Fakhrooeian P, Hentrich R, Pitz V. Maximum Tolerated Number of Simultaneous BEV Charging Events in a Typical Low-Voltage Grid for Urban Residential Area. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2023; 14(7):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070165
Chicago/Turabian StyleFakhrooeian, Parnian, Rebecca Hentrich, and Volker Pitz. 2023. "Maximum Tolerated Number of Simultaneous BEV Charging Events in a Typical Low-Voltage Grid for Urban Residential Area" World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 7: 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070165