Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of the Charging Safety of Electric Vehicles
2.1. Influencing Factors of Electric Vehicle Safety
2.1.1. Battery Short Circuit
2.1.2. Overcharge
2.1.3. Diaphragm and Electrolyte
2.1.4. Battery Pack Consistency
2.1.5. Ambient Environment
2.1.6. Other Influencing Factors
2.2. Influencing Factors of Charging Pile Safety
2.2.1. Insulation
2.2.2. Failure of Communication Protocol and Communication Threats
2.2.3. Aging and Failure of Equipment and Components
2.2.4. Environmental Factors
2.2.5. Other Influencing Factors
3. Analysis of the Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles
3.1. Charging Safety Protection of the Batteries of Electric Vehicles
3.1.1. Internal Short-Circuit Detection and Protection Technology
3.1.2. Battery Overcharge Mechanism Analysis and Diagnostic Protection Technology
3.1.3. Battery Pack Equalization Technology
3.1.4. Development and Application of High Stable Battery Materials
3.1.5. Battery Status Parameter Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Method
3.2. Charging Safety Protection of the Charging Equipment of Electric Vehicles
3.2.1. Insulation Protection Technology of Charging Equipment
3.2.2. Communication Safety Protection Technology of Charging Piles
3.2.3. Aging Prediction and Protection Technology of Charging Piles
3.3. Charging Safety Evaluation Index System and Early Warning Model
4. Research Prospect
4.1. Improve the Standard System of Charging Safety of Electric Vehicles
4.2. Build a More Complete Charging Safety Database
4.3. Establish a High-Credibility Battery Fault Diagnosis Model
4.4. Establish a Sounder Dynamic Monitoring and Fault Early Warning Mechanism for Charging Equipment
4.5. Strengthen the Research on Charging Safety Protection Technology of Electricity Quality Fluctuation
4.6. Optimize the Charging Data Storage Scheme Based on Emerging Technologies Such as Blockchain
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Literature | Main Contributions |
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[33] | Summarizes the model-based and non-model-based fault diagnosis methods and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. |
[34] | Reviews, classifies, and compares different adaptive mathematical models of deep learning algorithms for residual service life prediction and provides suggestions for improving the remaining battery life prediction algorithm. |
[35] | Reviews SOC and SOH estimation technologies for electric vehicle batteries, and specifically reviews model-based and data-driven methods for SOC estimation. |
[36] | Reviews some battery cell balancing technologies and evaluates their relationship with battery performance. |
No. | Time | Place | Accident Description | Cause Analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | April 2015 | Shenzhen, China | Smoke erupted from the battery of an electric car, then it caught fire | The electric car did not stop charging after full charging, which caused overcharging for 1.2 h, causing a short circuit inside the battery |
2 | January 2016 | Gjerstad, Norway | A charging Tesla electric car in a charging station burst into fire | The battery was in low-temperature for a long time and was charged in a high-rate charging mode too long, resulting in thermal runaway of the battery |
3 | April 2019 | Shanghai, China | A Tesla electric car suffered spontaneous combustion while charging | The single battery failed, causing a short circuit in the battery |
4 | June 2019 | Antwerp, Northern Belgium | A charging Tesla electric car suddenly smoked, then caught fire and was burned completely | A short circuit occurred during charging |
5 | October 2019 | Taegu, South Korea | A KONA electric car suddenly caught fire while charging | There were internal problems with the power battery components |
6 | May 2020 | Shaowu, China | A VM electric car caught fire while charging, and was burned | The core supplier mixed impurities into cores, so the power battery produced abnormal lithium plating, causing a short circuit in the battery |
7 | May 2020 | Dongguan, China | An electric car burst into fire while charging | A charging fault occurred to the battery pack |
8 | August 2020 | Guangzhou, China | A short-circuit occurred to an electric car in a charging station of Wanjiang Bus Terminal | Overcharging caused a short circuit in the battery |
Method | Literature | Advantages and Disadvantages | Equalization Circuit Diagram |
---|---|---|---|
Dissipative shunt equalization method | [94] | Advantages: low energy consumption, strong scalability, easy for modular design. Disadvantages: thermal management problems and only for small-power battery packs. | See Appendix A Figure A1 |
Complete shunt equalization method | [95] | Advantages: large equalization current and fast equalization speed. Disadvantages: high cost and strict variation range of charger output voltage. | See Appendix A Figure A2 |
Isomorphic CE equalization method | [96] | Advantages: can achieve the non-destructive balance between charge energy and discharge energy of battery pack. Disadvantages: strict requirements for battery voltage monitoring technology and complicated equalization circuit structure. | See Appendix A Figure A3 |
Multiswitching capacitance method | [97] | Advantages: low requirements for the intelligence of control system, and simple circuit structure. Disadvantages: low sensitivity to voltage and low equilibrium accuracy. | See Appendix A Figure A4 |
Single switching capacitance method | [98] | Advantages: only need a switching capacitance, good economy. Disadvantages: the equilibrium cycle is limited by the number of single batteries, slow equalization speed. | See Appendix A Figure A5 |
Multi-winding transformer method | [99] | Advantages: high efficiency and no closed-loop control and voltage monitoring equipment. Disadvantages: weak scalability, general tailor ability, difficult design of a multi-winding transformer. | See Appendix A Figure A6 |
Switching transformer method | [98] | Advantages: low cost, low circuit design difficulty. Disadvantages: large circuit loss, low equalization efficiency. | See Appendix A Figure A7 |
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Jiang, L.; Diao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, T. Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles. World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040184
Jiang L, Diao X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li T. Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12(4):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040184
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Linru, Xiaohong Diao, Yuanxing Zhang, Jing Zhang, and Taoyong Li. 2021. "Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles" World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040184