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Pharmaceutics
Volume 18
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10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894
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Article

Development of Nanosystems Delivering with Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agents Composed of Zingiber officinale/Alpinia galanga and Gold, as Sustainable Antibiotics

by
Rosa M. Giráldez-Pérez
1,*,†,
Elia M. Grueso
2,*,†,
Alfonso Carbonero
3,
Antonio Carpintero-López
1 and
Rafael Prado-Gotor
2
1
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
2
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
3
Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894
Submission received: 28 May 2026 / Revised: 15 July 2026 / Accepted: 16 July 2026 / Published: 21 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Nanocarriers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Green antibacterial synthesis is a natural alternative to chemical methods, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals by being beneficial to the environment and contributing to new therapies to combat antibiotic resistance. In this research, a simple method was developed for producing nanosystems with natural extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or Galangal (Alpinia galanga) with gold. Then, their antibacterial efficacy was evaluated and compared against strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Methods: After optimizing the systems, the core size of the nanosystems was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the presence of gold was confirmed with EDS. Stability control was measured using spectrometry, and the systems were characterized by measuring zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Finally, to verify the antibacterial effect, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were performed. Results: The analysis of the MIC experiments confirmed that the Galangal nanosystem (Au@Galangal showed better results against both bacteria. In the case of the Ginger nanosystem (Au@Ginger), the most evident results were against E. coli. Internalization studies demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of all the nanosystems analyzed. Conclusions: The results suggest that nanosystems obtained entirely by green methods have great potential as alternative antimicrobial agents, especially against resistant strains, representing a major advance in the development of sustainable bactericidal nanosystems.
Keywords: gold nanosystems; green antibacterial; antibacterial activity; bacteria; Zingiber officinale; Alpinia galanga gold nanosystems; green antibacterial; antibacterial activity; bacteria; Zingiber officinale; Alpinia galanga
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MDPI and ACS Style

Giráldez-Pérez, R.M.; Grueso, E.M.; Carbonero, A.; Carpintero-López, A.; Prado-Gotor, R. Development of Nanosystems Delivering with Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agents Composed of Zingiber officinale/Alpinia galanga and Gold, as Sustainable Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics 2026, 18, 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894

AMA Style

Giráldez-Pérez RM, Grueso EM, Carbonero A, Carpintero-López A, Prado-Gotor R. Development of Nanosystems Delivering with Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agents Composed of Zingiber officinale/Alpinia galanga and Gold, as Sustainable Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics. 2026; 18(7):894. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giráldez-Pérez, Rosa M., Elia M. Grueso, Alfonso Carbonero, Antonio Carpintero-López, and Rafael Prado-Gotor. 2026. "Development of Nanosystems Delivering with Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agents Composed of Zingiber officinale/Alpinia galanga and Gold, as Sustainable Antibiotics" Pharmaceutics 18, no. 7: 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894

APA Style

Giráldez-Pérez, R. M., Grueso, E. M., Carbonero, A., Carpintero-López, A., & Prado-Gotor, R. (2026). Development of Nanosystems Delivering with Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agents Composed of Zingiber officinale/Alpinia galanga and Gold, as Sustainable Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics, 18(7), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070894

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