Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lytic and Lysogenic Phages Contribute to AMR
2.1. Horizontal Transfer of Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) Promotes the Acquisition and Spread of ARG
2.2. Lysogenic Bacteriophages Can Contribute to the Vertical and Horizontal Spread of ARGs
2.3. Both Lytic and Lysogenic Phages Can Promote Dissemination of ARGs via Transduction
3. Bacteriophage and Antimicrobial Tolerance
Filamentous Bacteriophages Contribute to Bacterial Tolerance by Promoting Biofilm Production
4. Lytic Phages and Antibiotic Susceptibility
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMR | Antimicrobial resistance |
MIC | Minimum inhibitory concentration |
XDR-TB | Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis |
VRSA | Vancomycin resistance genes-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
ARG | Antibiotic resistance genes |
MGE | Mobile genetic elements |
ICEs | Integrative and conjugative elements |
CF | Cystic fibrosis |
PAS | Phage antibiotic synergy |
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Chen, Q.; Dharmaraj, T.; Cai, P.C.; Burgener, E.B.; Haddock, N.L.; Spakowitz, A.J.; Bollyky, P.L. Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425
Chen Q, Dharmaraj T, Cai PC, Burgener EB, Haddock NL, Spakowitz AJ, Bollyky PL. Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(7):1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Qingquan, Tejas Dharmaraj, Pamela C. Cai, Elizabeth B. Burgener, Naomi L. Haddock, Andy J. Spakowitz, and Paul L. Bollyky. 2022. "Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7: 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425
APA StyleChen, Q., Dharmaraj, T., Cai, P. C., Burgener, E. B., Haddock, N. L., Spakowitz, A. J., & Bollyky, P. L. (2022). Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics, 14(7), 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425