Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polysaccharide’s Treatment in Neurodegenerative Disorders
2.1. Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disease
- (a)
- The lag/nucleation phase—the time needed to form nuclei. Depending on the solution conditions, the duration of this phase will range from minutes to several days [110].
- (b)
- The elongation phase—fibril development begins directly after the formation of nuclei, by further association of monomers or oligomeric species with the nuclei, and ends with the formation of ordered fibrils known as protofibrils [108]. As this stage contributes to the development of more stable protofibrils, this process is regarded as a thermodynamically favorable step [110].
- (c)
- The saturation phase—monomer concentration becomes remarkably low or almost stable during the saturation process, and protofibrils combine with each other to develop mature amyloid fibrils. In the steady-state phase, a dynamic equilibrium exists between fibrillar structures and monomeric proteins [108].
2.2. Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Effects of Natural Polysaccharides
2.2.1. Anti-Amyloidogenic Effects of Polysaccharides
2.2.2. Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides
2.2.3. Anti-Neuroinflammation Activity of Polysaccharides
2.2.4. Anticholinesterase Activity of Polysaccharides
2.2.5. Anti-Neurotoxicity Activity of Polysaccharides
2.2.6. Polysaccharides as Ferroptosis Switchers
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Polysaccharide | Class (Origin) | Effect (Activity) | Model or Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sulfated polysaccharides (Cr-SPs) | Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity; α-Synuclein fibrillation inhibition) | Fluorescence kinetics and 90° light scattering studies | [20] |
Sulphated polysaccharides (Cr-SPs) | Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity) | Fibrillation/aggregation of α-Syn mutants by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques | [21] |
Sulphated agaran | Algae (Gracilaria cornea) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity) | Rat model of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine | [19] |
Polysaccharide (APS) | Plant (Astragalus) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity; activates autophagy) | PC12 cells induced by 6-HODA | [22] |
Polysaccharide (IOPS) | Fungi (Inonotus obliquus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells | [23] |
Purified polysaccharide (CYP) | Plant (Corydalis yanhusuo) | Preventive (Neuroprotective effects on Aβ (25–35)-induced neurotoxicity) | PC12 induced by 6-OHDA | [28] |
Sulfated fucans | Algae (Five brown algae) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | Vero cells infected with HSV1 | [29] |
Polysaccharides (POP) | Fungi (Pleurotus oystreatus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | Male Wistar rats | [30] |
Polysaccharides (PTM) | Plant (Taxus chinensis var. mairei Cheng et L.K.Fu (Taxaceae)) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity and anti-neurotoxicity) | C57BL/6 mice | [31] |
Polysaccharides (CPPs) | Plant (Codonopsis pilosula) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | APP/PS1 mice | [32] |
Polysaccharides (LBP1) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapeutic (Anti-AD activity) | APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice | [33] |
Polysaccharide-enriched aqueous extract (HE) | Fungal (Hericium erinaceus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | PC12 cells | [34] |
Dermatan sulfate | Animal (Ascidian Phallusia nigra) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity and neuroprotection) | Neuro-2A cell lineage | [35] |
Polysaccharide (CPA-1 and CPB-2) | Fungal (Cordyceps cicadae) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | PC12 cells | [36] |
Sulfated polysaccharides (CFCE-PS) | Algae (Seaweed Codium fragile) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | Zebrafish embryos | [37] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Dictyota ciliolate) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | HepG2 cells | [38] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Ecklonia cava) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | AAPH-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish | [39] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Marine brown algae) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) | [40] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Undaria pinnatifida) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | D-Gal-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and cognitive dysfunction in Mice | [41] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Turbinaria decurren) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice | [42] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Marine brown algae) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury Sprague-Dawley rats | [43] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Sargassum crassifolium) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | H2O2-treated PC-12 cells | [44] |
Fructan | Plant (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective and immunoregulatory effects) | SH-SY5Y cell injury model | [45] |
Polysaccharide (APS) | Plant (Astragalus) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Mouse PD model | [46] |
Polysaccharide (ALP) | Plant (Annona muricata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | H2O2-treated mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) | [47] |
Heteropolysaccharide SV2-1 | Animal (Squid) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | PC12 induced by 6-OHDA | [48] |
Ulvan | Algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | [49] |
Polysaccharides (PSP) | Algae (Spirulina platensis) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | [50] |
Polysaccharides (LBA) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Rat cortical neurons | [51] |
Heteropolysaccharide (LFP-1) | Plant (Lycii fructus) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Highly differentiated PC12 cells | [52] |
Polysaccharides (SCP) | Fungal (Sparassis crispa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line HT22 | [53] |
Polysaccharides (GLPS) | Fungal (Ganoderma lucidum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Adult male Wistar Albino rats with a mean age of 8 months | [54] |
Polysaccharides (GPP1) | Plant (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | PC12 cells | [55] |
Polysaccharides (MAPs) | Plant (Opuntia Milpa Alta) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Cultured cortical neurons | [56] |
Crude polysaccharide fraction (DEVP) | Fungal (Dictyophora echinovolvata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity againts hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity | PC12 cells | [57] |
Polysaccharides (PEPF) | Plant (Perilla frutescens) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | HT22 cells, mouse hippocampal neuronal cell lines | [58] |
Selenium polysaccharides | Plant (Radix hedysari) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | SH-SY5Y cells | [59] |
Heteropolysaccharide (PTP70-2) | Plant (Polygala tenuifolia) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | BV2 microglial cells | [60] |
Sulfated polysaccharide (GLPss58) | Fungal (Ganoderma lucidum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | C57BL/6 mice, BMMs, MSLs, HPBLs | [61] |
Polysaccharides (ALP-1) | Plant (Arctium lappa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | DSS-induced colitis in ICR mice | [62] |
Fucose-rich sulfated Polysaccharides (F4 fraction) | Algae (Sargassum horneri) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LPS-treated zebrafish embryos | [63] |
Polysaccharides (PSC) | Plant (Sargentodoxa cuneata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and Carrageenan-induced edema in male SD rat paws | [64] |
Ulvan | Algae (Ulva intestinalis) | Immunostimulation | J774A.1 cell | [65] |
Alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ASPP) | Plant (Purple sweet potato) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and mice | [66] |
Polysaccharide (PLS) | Plant (Thuja occidentalis Linn) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | Carrageenan (or other agents)-induced paw edema model in male Swiss mice | [67] |
Polysaccharide (MRP-1) | Plant (Moringa oleifera roots) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages | [68] |
Polysaccharides (WSRP-1b) | Plant (Kushui rose) | Preventive/Therapautic (Immunomodulatory activity) | RAW264.7 cell line | [69] |
Polysaccharide (AFP-2) | Plant (Apios americana) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | PC12 cells | [70] |
Polysaccharide (EbPS-A1) | Plant (Epimedium brevicornum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli strains | [71] |
Polysaccharides (LBP) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | PC12 cells | [72] |
Laminarin | Algae (Brown seaweed) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuronal activation) | Gerbils | [73] |
Fucoidan | Algae (Laminaria Japonica) | Preventive/Therapautic (Counteracts memory deficits) | Sprague–Dawley rats | [74] |
Polysaccharide (LRP3) | Plant (Lycium ruthenicum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuronal activation) | Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats | [75] |
Polysaccharides (MCPs) | Plant (Momordica charantia) | Preventive/Therapautic (Promotes neuronal activation) | C17.2 cells, an immortalized NSC line | [76] |
Polysaccharide (DPRG) | Fungal (Phellinus ribis) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neurotrophic activity) | PC12 cells | [77] |
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Dhahri, M.; Alghrably, M.; Mohammed, H.A.; Badshah, S.L.; Noreen, N.; Mouffouk, F.; Rayyan, S.; Qureshi, K.A.; Mahmood, D.; Lachowicz, J.I.; et al. Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010001
Dhahri M, Alghrably M, Mohammed HA, Badshah SL, Noreen N, Mouffouk F, Rayyan S, Qureshi KA, Mahmood D, Lachowicz JI, et al. Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhahri, Manel, Mawadda Alghrably, Hamdoon A. Mohammed, Syed Lal Badshah, Noreen Noreen, Fouzi Mouffouk, Saleh Rayyan, Kamal A. Qureshi, Danish Mahmood, Joanna Izabela Lachowicz, and et al. 2022. "Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010001