Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 and Hepatitis C Virus among Drug Users in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Populations
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Specimen Testing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants
Male (n = 334) No. (%) | Female (n = 107) No. (%) | Total (n = 441) No. (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Residency (p = 1.000) | |||
Local | 332 (99.4) | 107 (100.0) | 439 (99.5) |
Non-local | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) |
Ethnicity (p = 0.526) | |||
Han | 325 (97.3) | 103 (96.3) | 428 (97.1) |
Minority | 9 (2.7) | 4 (3.7) | 13 (2.9) |
Age (years) (p = 0.005) | |||
≤40 | 80 (24.0) | 39 (36.4) | 119 (27.0) |
41–50 | 138 (41.3) | 47 (43.9) | 185 (42.0) |
≥51 | 116 (34.7) | 21 (19.6) | 137 (31.1) |
Education (p = 0.107) | |||
Primary or lower | 18 (5.4) | 1 (0.9) | 19 (4.3) |
Junior high | 199 (59.6) | 71 (66.4) | 270 (61.2) |
Senior high or college | 117 (35.0) | 35 (32.7) | 152 (34.5) |
Steady partner (p = 0.012) | |||
No | 187 (56.0) | 45 (42.1) | 232 (52.6) |
Yes | 147 (44.0) | 62 (57.9) | 209 (47.4) |
HHV8-Ab (p = 0.842) | |||
No | 275 (82.3) | 89 (83.2) | 364 (82.5) |
Yes | 59 (17.7) | 18 (16.8) | 77 (17.5) |
HCV-Ab (p = 0.689) | |||
No | 127 (38.0) | 43 (40.2) | 170 (38.5) |
Yes | 207 (62.0) | 64 (59.8) | 271 (61.5) |
HIV-Ab (p = 0.427) | |||
No | 333 (99.7) | 106 (99.1) | 439 (99.5) |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.5) |
Syphilis (p = 0.174) | |||
No | 327 (97.9) | 102 (95.3) | 429 (97.3) |
Yes | 7 (2.1) | 5 (4.7) | 12 (2.7) |
3.2. Seroprevalence of HIV, HHV8, HCV, and Syphilis
Co-infections | HHV8-Uninfected (N1 = 364) | HHV8-Infected (N2 = 77) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Prevalence (%) | No. | Prevalence (%) | |
None | 137 | 37.6 | 32 | 41.6 |
Single pathogen | ||||
HIV | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Syphilis | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
HCV | 214 | 58.8 | 44 | 57.1 |
Dual pathogens | ||||
HIV + HCV | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
HIV + Syphilis | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
HCV + Syphilis | 10 | 2.8 | 1 | 1.3 |
Total | 364 | 100.0 | 77 | 100.0 |
3.3. Correlates of HHV8 and HCV Seropositivity
Risk Factors | No. HHV8 Infection/No. Tested (%) | aORs (95%CI) * | p-values |
---|---|---|---|
Ever injected drugs | |||
No | 21/145 (14.5) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 56/296 (18.9) | 1.50 (0.83–2.69) | 0.181 |
Ever sharing syringe | |||
No | 75/430 (17.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 2/11 (18.2) | 1.06 (0.20–5.46) | 0.949 |
Steady partner | |||
No | 41/232 (17.7) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 36/209 (17.2) | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) | 0.922 |
Ever had sex in the past month | |||
No | 53/288 (18.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 24/153 (15.7) | 0.85 (0.42–1.71) | 0.650 |
Condom use in the last sex intercourse | |||
Never or no sex | 69/380 (18.2) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 8/61 (13.1) | 0.57 (0.21–1.56) | 0.273 |
Ever had commercial sex | |||
No | 69/409 (16.9) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 8/32 (25.0) | 6.05 (0.80–45.67) | 0.081 |
Frequency of condom use in commercial sex | |||
Always or no sex | 71/414 (17.1) | 1.00 | |
Sometimes | 3/8 (37.5) | 1.59 (0.16–6.12) | 0.120 |
Never | 3/19 (15.8) | 0.72 (0.06–8.32) | 0.790 |
HIV | |||
No | 77/439 (17.5) | - | |
Yes | 0/2 (0.0) | - | - |
HCV | |||
No | 32/170 (18.8) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 45/271 (16.6) | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) | 0.476 |
Syphilis | |||
No | 76/429 (17.7) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 1/12 (8.3) | 0.50 (0.06–4.09) | 0.519 |
3.4. HHV8 Antibody Titers by Different Characteristics
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, T.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Minhas, V.; Wood, C.; He, N. Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 and Hepatitis C Virus among Drug Users in Shanghai, China. Viruses 2014, 6, 2519-2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062519
Zhang T, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Minhas V, Wood C, He N. Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 and Hepatitis C Virus among Drug Users in Shanghai, China. Viruses. 2014; 6(6):2519-2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062519
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tiejun, Ying Liu, Yuyan Zhang, Jun Wang, Veenu Minhas, Charles Wood, and Na He. 2014. "Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 and Hepatitis C Virus among Drug Users in Shanghai, China" Viruses 6, no. 6: 2519-2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062519