Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hepatitis B Virus
3. Occult HBV Infection
Author (Publication year) (Reference) | Population | n | Prevalence of anti–HBsAg | Prevalence of anti–HBc | Prevalence of occult HBV infection | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hemodialysis patients | ||||||
Cabrerizo M, et al. (1997) [26] | Spain | 33 | 14 (42%) | 14 (42%) | 19 (58%) | |
Besisik F, et al. (2003) [27] | Turkey | 33 | 12 (36.4%) | All patients had HCV infection. | ||
Abu El Makarem MA, et al. (2012) [28] | Egypt | 145 | 15 (10.3%) | 29 (20%) | 6 (4.1%) | Patients with or without HCV infection were included. |
Minuk GY, et al. (2004) [29] | Canada | 239 | 152 (63%) | 21 (8.7%) | 9 (3.8%) | |
Albuquerque AC, et al. (2012) [30] | Brazil | 752 | 201 of 752 (26.7%) | 135 of 201 (67.2%) | 3 of 201 (1.5%)* | |
Fabrizi F, et al. (2005) [31] | Italy | 213 | 120 of 316 (37.9%) † | 123 (57.7%) | 0 (0%) | Patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were included. |
Goral V, et al. (2006) [32] | Turkey | 50 | 21 (42%) | 4 (8%) | 0 (0%) | |
HIV+ patients | ||||||
Hofer M, et al. (1998) [33] | Switzerland | 57 | 0 (0%) | 56 (98.2%) | 51 (89.5%) | Longitudinal observation |
Marite B, et al. (2011) [34] | Cube | 325 | 45 of 99 (45.5) ‡ | 99 (30.5%) | 13 of 54 (24.1%) § | |
Filippini, et al. (2006) [35] | Italy | 115 | 16 of 115 (13.9%) (baseline) | 58 of 115 (50.4%) (baseline) | 17 of 86 (19.8%) || | Longitudinal design |
Panigrahi R, et al. (2012) [36] | India | 112 | 12 of 112 (10.7%) | |||
Nunez M, et al. (2002) [37] | Spain | 85 | Not reported | Not reported | 0 (0%) |
4. Principal Molecular Mechanisms Associated with OBI
4.1. Genome Integration of HBV
4.2. Genetic Mutations in HBV
4.3. Epigenetics Mechanisms
4.4. Host Immune Response in OBI
4.5. Viral Co-Infection
4.6. Other Mechanisms
5. The Influence of OBI on Development of HCC
6. Appropriate Diagnosis of OBI
7. Epidemiological Implications for Underdiagnosis of OBI in a Latin-American Region
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Morales-Romero, J.; Vargas, G.; García-Román, R. Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development. Viruses 2014, 6, 1590-1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6041590
Morales-Romero J, Vargas G, García-Román R. Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development. Viruses. 2014; 6(4):1590-1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6041590
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Romero, Jaime, Gustavo Vargas, and Rebeca García-Román. 2014. "Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development" Viruses 6, no. 4: 1590-1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6041590