Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Water-Soluble Extracts Act on Enterovirus 71 by Inhibiting Viral Entry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Water-Soluble Fraction of D. genkwa Inhibits Viral Replication
Title | Concentration (mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
CC50a | EC50b | SI c | |
Cytotoxic effect | |||
RD cells | 1.444 ± 0.193 | ||
MDCK cells | 1.603 ± 0.091 | ||
HFF3 cells | 2.354 ± 0.018 | ||
A549 cells | >2 | ||
EV71d, TW/2231/98 (genotype C) | 0.163 ± 0.013 | 8.859 | |
EV71, BrCr (genotype A) | 0.182 ± 0.027 | 7.934 | |
EV71, TW/71552/05 (subgenotype C4) | 0.824 ± 0.004 | 1.752 | |
EV71, TW/1101/08 (subgenotype B5) | >1 | – | |
CV-B1 d | >1 | – | |
CV-B2 | >1 | – | |
CV-B3 | >1 | – | |
CV-B4 | >1 | – | |
CV-B5 | >1 | – | |
Influenza virus A/WSN/33 | 0.838 ± 0.026 | 1.913 | |
Adenovirus | >2 | – | |
HSV-1 d | >2 | – |
2.2. DGFW Inhibits Early Stages of Replication
2.3. DGFW Inhibits Viral Attachment and Penetration
2.4. DGFW Targets the Virus Directly but not the Host Cells
2.5. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Virus and Cell Culture and Viral Amplification
3.2. Plant Material
3.4. Cytotoxicity Assay
3.5. Plaque Assay
3.6. Western Blotting
3.7. CPE Testing
3.8. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification and Absolute Quantitative (q)PCR
3.9. Time-of-Addition Assay
3.10. Attachment Assay
3.11. Penetration Assay
3.12. Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
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Chang, C.-W.; Leu, Y.-L.; Horng, J.-T. Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Water-Soluble Extracts Act on Enterovirus 71 by Inhibiting Viral Entry. Viruses 2012, 4, 539-556. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4040539
Chang C-W, Leu Y-L, Horng J-T. Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Water-Soluble Extracts Act on Enterovirus 71 by Inhibiting Viral Entry. Viruses. 2012; 4(4):539-556. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4040539
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Chia-Wen, Yan-Lii Leu, and Jim-Tong Horng. 2012. "Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Water-Soluble Extracts Act on Enterovirus 71 by Inhibiting Viral Entry" Viruses 4, no. 4: 539-556. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4040539