Pathogenesis of Lassa Fever
Abstract
:1. Phylogeny and geographic distribution
2. Virion structure, genome organization and expression
Virus | Acronym | Distribution | Reservoirs | Human Pathogen | Mortality Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old World arenaviruses | |||||
Ippy | IPPYV | Central African Republic | Arvicanthis sp. | not reported | |
Lassa | LASV | West Africa | Mastomys sp. | Yes | High |
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis | LCMV | Europe, Americas | Mus musculus | Yes | Low |
Mobala | MOBV | Central African Republic | Praomys sp. | not reported | |
Mopeia | MOPV | Mozambique, Zimbabwe | Mastomys natalensis | not reported | |
New World arenaviruses | |||||
Allpahuayo | ALLV | Peru | Oecomys bicolor, Oecomys paricola | not reported | |
Amapari | AMAV | Brazil | Oryzomys capito, Neacomys guianae | not reported | |
Bear Canyon | BCNV | USA | Peromyscus californicus | not reported | |
Chapare | CHPV | Bolivia | unknown | Yes | unknown |
Cupixi | CPXV | Brazil | Oryzomys sp. | not reported | |
Flexal | FLEV | Brazil | Oryzomys spp. | Yes | non-fatal |
Guanarito | GTOV | Venezuela | Zygodontomys brevicauda | Yes | High |
Junin | JUNV | Argentina | Calomys musculinus | Yes | High |
Latino | LATV | Bolivia | Calomys callosus | not reported | |
Machupo | MACV | Bolivia | Calomys callosus | Yes | High |
Oliveros | OLVV | Argentina | Bolomys obscurus | not reported | |
Parana | PARV | Paraguay | Oryzomys buccinatus | not reported | |
Pichinde | PICV | Colombia | Oryzomys albigularis | not reported | |
Pirital | PIRV | Venezuela | Sigmodon alstoni | not reported | |
Sabia | SABV | Brazil | unknown | Yes | unknown |
Tacaribe | TACV | Trinidad | Artibeus spp. | Yes | non-fatal |
Tamiami | TAMV | USA | Sigmodon hispidus | not reported | |
Whitewater Arroyo | WWAV | USA | Neotoma albigula | Yes | Low |
Status remains pending | |||||
Lujo | LUJV | Zambia, South Africa | unknown | Yes | High |
Luna | LUNV | Zambia | Mastomys natalensis | not reported | |
Lunk | LNKV | Zambia | Mus minutoides | not reported | |
Kodoko | KODV | Africa | Mus minutoides | not reported | |
Dandenong | DANV | unknown | unknown | not reported | |
Merino Walk | MWV | South Africa | Myotomys unisulcatus | not reported |
3. Epidemiology of Lassa fever
4. Clinical description and pathogenesis of Lassa fever
Clinical signs | Day of illness | Duration, | |
---|---|---|---|
and symptoms | Start day | End day | days |
Fever | 1 | 11 | 10 |
Weakness | 3 | 14 | 11 |
Cough | 3 | 14 | 11 |
Chest pain | 4 | 13 | 9 |
Back pain | 4 | 12 | 8 |
Joint pain | 4 | 12 | 8 |
Sore throat | 4 | 11 | 7 |
Dysuria | 4 | 10 | 6 |
Headache | 4 | 11 | 7 |
Abdominal pain | 5 | 8 | 3 |
Vomiting | 5 | 9 | 4 |
Diarrhea | 5 | 9 | 4 |
Pharyngitis | 7 | 12 | 5 |
Conjunctivitis | 7 | 12 | 5 |
Bleeding | 7 | 11 | 4 |
Abdominal tenderness | 9 | 14 | 5 |
Rales | 9 | 14 | 5 |
Facial edema | 9 | 16 | 7 |
5. Immune responses to LASV infection
6. Animal models of Lassa fever
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References and Notes
- Wulff, H.; Lange, J.V.; Webb, P.A. Interrelationships among arenaviruses measured by indirect immunofluorescence. Intervirology 1978, 9, 344–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowen, M.D.; Peters, C.J.; Nichol, S.T. Phylogenetic analysis of the Arenaviridae: patterns of virus evolution and evidence for cospeciation between arenaviruses and their rodent hosts. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1997, 8, 301–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salazar-Bravo, J.; Ruedas, L.A.; Yates, T.L. Mammalian reservoirs of arenaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2002, 262, 25–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCormick, J.B.; Webb, P.A.; Krebs, J.W.; Johnson, K.M.; Smith, E.S. A prospective study of the epidemiology and ecology of Lassa fever. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 155, 437–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez, J.P.J.; Bowen, M.D.; Nichol, S.T.; Rico-Hesse, R. Genetic characterization and phylogeny of Sabiá virus, an emergent pathogen in Brazil. Virology 1996, 221, 318–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peters, C.J., Michael Buchmeier, Pierre E. Rollin, and Thomas G. Ksiazek Arenaviruses. In Fields Virology, 3rd; Bernard, N.; Fields, D.M.K.; Peter, M. (Eds.) Lippincott-Raven Publishers: Philadelphia, 1996; Volume 2, pp. 1521–1551.
- Briese, T.; Paweska, J.T.; McMullan, L.K.; Hutchison, S.K.; Street, C.; Palacios, G.; Khristova, M.L.; Weyer, J.; Swanepoel, R.; Egholm, M.; Nichol, S.T.; Lipkin, W.I. Genetic detection and characterization of Lujo virus, a new hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from southern Africa. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delgado, S.; Erickson, B.R.; Agudo, R.; Blair, P.J.; Vallejo, E.; Albariño, C.G.; Vargas, J.; Comer, J.A.; Rollin, P.E.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Olson, J.G.; Nichol, S.T. Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4, e1000047. [Google Scholar]
- Salvato, M.S.; Clegg, J.C.S.; Buchmeier, M.J.; Charrel, R.N.; Gonzales, J.P.; Lukashevich, I.S.; Peters, C.J.; Rico-Hesse, R.; Romanowski, V. Family Arenaviridae. In Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., Lefkowitz, E.F., Eds.; Academic Press, 2012; pp. 714–723. [Google Scholar]
- Buchmeier, M.J.; Peters, C.J.; de la Torre, J.C. Arenaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology, Fift Edition; Knipe, D.M., Holey, P.M., Eds.; 2007; Volume 2, pp. 1792–1827. [Google Scholar]
- Kranzusch, P.J.; Schenk, A.D.; Rahmeh, A.A.; Radoshitzky, S.R.; Bavari, S.; Walz, T.; Whelan, S.P.J. Assembly of a functional Machupo virus polymerase complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107, 20069–20074. [Google Scholar]
- Salvato, M.S.; Shimomaye, E.M. The completed sequence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein. Virology 1989, 173, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franze-Fernandez, M.-T.; Zetina, C.; Iapalucci, S.; Lucero, M.A.; Bouissou, C.; Lopez, R.; Rey, O.; Daheli, M.; Cohen, G.N.; Zakin, M.M. Molecular structure and early events in the replication of Tacaribe arenavirus S RNA. Virus Res. 1987, 7, 309–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, B.J.; Southern, P.J. Concurrent sequence analysis of 5' and 3' RNA termini by intramolecular circularization reveals 5' nontemplated bases and 3' terminal heterogeneity for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus mRNAs. J. Virol. 1993, 67, 2621–2627. [Google Scholar]
- Qi, X.; Lan, S.; Wang, W.; Schelde, L.M.; Dong, H.; Wallat, G.D.; Ly, H.; Liang, Y.; Dong, C. Cap binding and immune evasion revealed by Lassa nucleoprotein structure. Nature 2010, 468, 779–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lelke, M.; Brunotte, L.; Busch, C.; Günther, S. An N-terminal region of Lassa virus L protein plays a critical role in transcription but not replication of the virus genome. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 1934–1944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morin, B.; Coutard, B.; Lelke, M.; Ferron, F.; Kerber, R.; Jamal, S.; Frangeul, A.; Baronti, C.; Charrel, R.; de Lamballerie, X.; Vonrhein, C.; Lescar, J.; Bricogne, G.; Günther, S.; Canard, B. The N-terminal domain of the arenavirus L protein is an RNA endonuclease essential in mRNA transcription. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, e1001038. [Google Scholar]
- Garcin, D.; Kolakofsky, D. A novel mechanism for the initiation of Tacaribe arenavirus genome replication. J. Virol. 1990, 64, 6196–6203. [Google Scholar]
- Garcin, D.; Kolakofsky, D. Tacaribe arenavirus RNA synthesis in vitro is primer dependent and suggests an unusual model for the initiation of genome replication. J. Virol. 1992, 66, 1370–1376. [Google Scholar]
- Marq, J.-B.; Kolakofsky, D.; Garcin, D. Unpaired 5′ ppp-nucleotides, as found in arenavirus double-stranded RNA panhandles, are not recognized by RIG-I. J. Biol.Chem. 2010, 285, 18208–18216. [Google Scholar]
- Cornu, T.I.; de la Torre, J.C. RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 9415–9426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornu, T.I.; de la Torre, J.C. Characterization of the arenavirus RING finger Z protein regions required for Z-mediated inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 6678–6688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornu, T.I.; Feldmann, H.; de la Torre, J.C. Cells expressing the RING finger Z protein are resistant to arenavirus infection. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 2979–2983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez, N.; Jacamo, R.; Franze-Fernandez, M.T. Transcription and RNA replication of Tacaribe virus genome and antigenome analogs require N and L proteins: Z protein is an inhibitor of these processes. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 12241–12251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hass, M.; Golnitz, U.; Muller, S.; Becker-Ziaja, B.; Gunther, S. Replicon system for Lassa virus. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 13793–13803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez-Sobrido, L.; Zuniga, E.I.; Rosario, D.; Garcia-Sastre, A.; de la Torre, J.C. Inhibition of the type I interferon response by the nucleoprotein of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 9192–9199. [Google Scholar]
- Martinez-Sobrido, L.; Giannakas, P.; Cubitt, B.; Garcia-Sastre, A.; de la Torre, J.C. Differential inhibition of type I interferon induction by arenavirus nucleoproteins. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 12696–12703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Sobrido, L.; Emonet, S.; Giannakas, P.; Cubitt, B.; García-Sastre, A.; de la Torre, J.C. Identification of amino acid residues critical for the anti-interferon activity of the nucleoprotein of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 11330–11340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eckerle, L.D.; Becker, M.M.; Halpin, R.A.; Li, K.; Venter, E.; Lu, X.; Scherbakova, S.; Graham, R.L.; Baric, R.S.; Stockwell, T.B.; Spiro, D.J.; Denison, M.R. Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-exonuclease mutant virus replication is revealed by complete genome sequencing. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, e1000896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borden, K.L.; Campbell Dwyer, E.J.; Salvato, M.S. An arenavirus RING (zinc-binding) protein binds the oncoprotein promyelocyte leukemia protein (PML) and relocates PML nuclear bodies to the cytoplasm. J. Virol. 1998, 72, 758–766. [Google Scholar]
- Campbell Dwyer, E.J.; Lai, H.; MacDonald, R.C.; Salvato, M.S.; Borden, K.L. The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus RING protein Z associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and selectively represses translation in a RING-dependent manner. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 3293–3300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djavani, M.; Rodas, J.; Lukashevich, I.S.; Horejsh, D.; Pandolfi, P.P.; Borden, K.L.; Salvato, M.S. Role of the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML in the interferon sensitivity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 6204–6208. [Google Scholar]
- Volpon, L.; Osborne, M.J.; Capul, A.A.; de la Torre, J.C.; Borden, K.L.B. Structural characterization of the Z RING-eIF4E complex reveals a distinct mode of control for eIF4E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107, 5441–5446. [Google Scholar]
- Frame, J.D.; Baldwin, J.M.; Gocke, D.J.; Troup, J.M. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 670–676. [Google Scholar]
- Buckley, S.M.; Casals, J. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. 3. Isolation and characterization of the virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 680–691. [Google Scholar]
- Monath, T.P.; Maher, M.; Casals, J.; Kissling, R.E.; Cacciapuoti, A. Lassa fever in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970-1972. II. Clinical observations and virological studies on selected hospital cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 1140–1149. [Google Scholar]
- Lukashevich, I.S.; Clegg, J.C.S.; Sidibe, K. Lassa virus activity in Guinea: Distribution of human antiviral antibody defined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant antigen. J.Med. Virol. 1993, 40, 210–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meulen, J.T.; Lukashevich, I.; Sidibe, K.; Inapogui, A.; Marx, M.; Dorlemann, A.; Yansane, M.L.; Koulemou, K.; Chang-Claude, J.; Schmitz, H. Hunting of peridomestic rodents and consumption of their meat as possible risk factors for rodent-to-human transmission of Lassa virus in the Republic of Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 55, 661–666. [Google Scholar]
- Frame, J.D.; Yalley-Ogunro, J.E.; Hanson, A.P. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. V. Distribution of Lassa virus activity in Liberia: hospital staff surveys. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984, 78, 761–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monath, T.P.; Mertens, P.E.; Patton, R.; Moser, C.R.; Baum, J.J.; Pinneo, L.; Gary, G.W.; Kissling, R.E. A hospital epidemic of Lassa fever in Zorzor, Liberia, March-April 1972. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1973, 22, 773–779. [Google Scholar]
- Monson, M.H.; Frame, J.D.; Jahrling, P.B.; Alexander, K. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. I. Clinical and epidemiological aspects at Curran Lutheran Hospital, Zorzor, Liberia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984, 78, 549–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carey, D.E.; Kemp, G.E.; White, H.A.; Pinneo, L.; Addy, R.F.; Fom, A.L.M.D.; Stroh, G.; Casals, J.; Henderson, B.E. Lassa fever: Epidemiological aspects of the 1970 epidemic, Jos, Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 66, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomori, O.; Fabiyi, A.; Sorungbe, A.; Smith, A.; McCormick, J.B. Viral hemorrhagic fever antibodies in Nigerian populations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1988, 38, 407–410. [Google Scholar]
- White, H.A. Lassa fever. A study of 23 hospital cases. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 66, 390–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Troup, J.M.; White, H.A.; Fom, A.L.M.D.; Carey, D.E. An outbreak of Lassa fever on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, in January-February 1970. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 695–696. [Google Scholar]
- Frame, J.D. Surveillance of Lassa fever in missionaries stationed in West Africa. Bull. World Health Organ. 1975, 52, 593–598. [Google Scholar]
- Günther, S.; Emmerich, P.; Laue, T.; Kühle, O.; Asper, M.; Jung, A.; Grewing, T.; ter Meulen, J.; Schmitz, H. Imported Lassa fever in Germany: molecular characterization of a new Lassa virus strain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2000, 6, 466–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez, J.P.; Emonet, S.; Lamballerie, X.D.; Charrel, R. Arenaviruses. In Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission; Childs, J.E., Mackenzie, J.S., Richt, J.A., Eds.; Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007; Volume 315, pp. 253–288. [Google Scholar]
- Safronetz, D.; Lopez, J.E.; Sogoba, N.; Traore’, S.F.; Raffel, S.J.; Fischer, E.R.; Ebihara, H.; Branco, L.; Garry, R.F.; Schwan, T.G.; Feldmann, H. Detection of Lassa virus, Mali. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16, 1123–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lassa Fever Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Lassa_Fever_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
- Keenlyside, R.A.; McCormick, J.B.; Webb, P.A.; Smith, E.; Elliott, L.; Johnson, K.M. Case-control study of Mastomys natalensis and humans in Lassa virus-infected households in Sierra Leone. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983, 32, 829–837. [Google Scholar]
- Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; Tomori, O.; Nasidi, A.; Perez-Oronoz, G.I.; Fakile, Y.; Hutwagner, L.; McCormick, J.B. Review of cases of nosocomial Lassa fever in Nigeria: the high price of poor medical practice. BMJ 1995, 311, 857–859. [Google Scholar]
- Helmick, C.G.; Webb, P.A.; Scribner, C.L.; Krebs, J.W.; McCormick, J.B. No evidence for increased risk of Lassa fever infection in hospital staff. Lancet 1986, 2, 1202–1205. [Google Scholar]
- Stephenson, E.H.; Larson, E.W.; Dominik, J.W. Effect of environmental factors on aerosol-induced lassa virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 1984, 14, 295–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peters, C.J.; Jahrling, P.B.; Liu, C.T.; Kenyon, R.H.; McKee, K.T., Jr.; Barrera Oro, J.G. Experimental studies of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1987, 134, 5–68. [Google Scholar]
- Monath, T.P.; Newhouse, V.F.; Kemp, G.E.; Setzer, H.W.; Cacciapuoti, A. Lassa virus isolation from Mastomys natalensis rodents during an epidemic in Sierra Leone. Science 1974, 185, 263–265. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, D.H.; Wulff, H.; Lange, J.V.; Murphy, F.A. Comparative pathology of Lassa virus infection in monkeys, guinea pigs, and Mastomys natalensi. Bull. World Health Organ. 1975, 52, 523–535. [Google Scholar]
- McCormick, J.B.; King, I.J.; Webb, P.A.; Johnson, K.M.; O'Sullivan, R.; Smith, E.S.; Trippel, S.; Tong, T.C. A case-control study of the clinical diagnosis and course of Lassa fever. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 155, 445–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, D.H.; McCormick, J.B.; Johnson, K.M.; Webb, P.A.; Komba-Kono, G.; Elliott, L.H.; Gardner, J.J. Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man. Am. J. Pathol. 1982, 107, 349–356. [Google Scholar]
- Acute sensorineural deafness in Lassa fever. In JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc.; Cummins D, M.J.B.B.D. (Ed.) 1990; Volume 264, pp. 2093–2096.
- Johnson, K.M.; McCormick, J.B.; Webb, P.A.; Smith, E.S.; Elliott, L.H.; King, I.J. Clinical virology of Lassa fever in hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 155, 456–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demby, A.H.; Chamberlain, J.; Brown, D.W.; Clegg, C.S. Early diagnosis of Lassa fever by reverse transcription-PCR. J.Clin. Microbiol. 1994, 32, 2898–2903. [Google Scholar]
- Trappier, S.G.; Conaty, A.L.; Farrar, B.B.; Auperin, D.D.; McCormick, J.B.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of Lassa virus infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993, 49, 214–221. [Google Scholar]
- Flatz, L.; Rieger, T.; Merkler, D.; Bergthaler, A.; Regen, T.; Schedensack, M.; Bestmann, L.; Verschoor, A.; Kreutzfeldt, M.; Brück, W.; Hanisch, U.-K.; Günther, S.; Pinschewer, D.D. T cell-dependence of Lassa fever pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, e1000836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Edington, G.M.; White, H.A. The pathology of Lassa fever: A tribute to the late Dr. J.M. Troup. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 66, 381–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCormick, J.B.; Walker, D.H.; King, I.J.; Webb, P.A.; Elliott, L.H.; Whitfield, S.G.; Johnson, K.M. Lassa virus hepatitis: a study of fatal Lassa fever in humans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1986, 35, 401–407. [Google Scholar]
- Winn, W.C.; Walker, D.H. The pathology of human Lassa fever. Bull. World Health Organ. 1975, 52, 535–545. [Google Scholar]
- Fisher-Hoch, S.; McCormick, J.B.; Sasso, D.; Craven, R.B. Hematologic dysfunction in Lassa fever. J. Med. Virol. 1988, 26, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitz, H.; Kohler, B.; Laue, T.; Drosten, C.; Veldkamp, P.J.; Gunther, S.; Emmerich, P.; Geisen, H.P.; Fleischer, K.; Beersma, M.F.; Hoerauf, A. Monitoring of clinical and laboratory data in two cases of imported Lassa fever. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4, 43–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahanty, S.; Bausch, D.G.; Thomas, R.L.; Goba, A.; Bah, A.; Peters, C.J.; Rollin, P.E. Low levels of interleukin-8 and interferon-inducible protein-10 in serum are associated with fatal infections in acute Lassa fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 183, 1713–1721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukashevich, I.S.; Maryankova, R.; Vladyko, A.S.; Nashkevich, N.; Koleda, S.; Djavani, M.; Horejsh, D.; Voitenok, N.N.; Salvato, M.S. Lassa and Mopeia virus replication in human monocytes/macrophages and in endothelial cells: Different effects on IL-8 and TNF-α gene expression. J. Med. Virol. 1999, 59, 552–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahanty, S.; Hutchinson, K.; Agarwal, S.; McRae, M.; Rollin, P.E.; Pulendran, B. Cutting edge: impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by Ebola and Lassa viruses. J. Immunol. 2003, 170, 2797–2801. [Google Scholar]
- Baize, S.; Kaplon, J.; Faure, C.; Pannetier, D.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Deubel, V. Lassa virus infection of human dendritic cells and macrophages is productive but fails to activate cells. J. Immunol. 2004, 172, 2861–2869. [Google Scholar]
- Pannetier, D.; Reynard, S.; Russier, M.; Journeaux, A.; Tordo, N.; Deubel, V.; Baize, S. Human dendritic cells infected with the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus induce stronger T-cell responses than those infected with Lassa virus. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 8293–8306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahrling, P.B.; Frame, J.D.; Rhoderick, J.B.; Monson, M.H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. IV. Selection of optimally effective plasma for treatment by passive immunization. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 79, 380–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ter Meulen, J.; Koulemou, K.; Wittekindt, T.; Windisch, K.; Strigl, S.; Conde, S.; Schmitz, H. Detection of Lassa virus antinucleoprotein immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies by a simple recombinant immunoblot assay for field use. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998, 36, 3143–3148. [Google Scholar]
- Hummel, K.B.; Martin, M.L.; Auperin, D.D. Baculovirus expression of the glycoprotein gene of Lassa virus and characterization of the recombinant protein. Virus Res. 1992, 25, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lloyd, G.; Barber, G.N.; Clegg, J.C.S.; Kelly, P. Identification of Lassa fever virus infection with recombinant nucleocapsid protein antigen. Lancet 1989, 334, 1222. [Google Scholar]
- Günther, S.; Kühle, O.; Rehder, D.; Odaibo, G.; Olaleye, D.; Emmerich, P.; ter Meulen, J.; Schmitz, H. Antibodies to Lassa virus Z protein and nucleoprotein co-occur in human sera from Lassa fever endemic regions. Med. Microbiol. Immun. 2001, 189, 225–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruo, S.L.; Mitchell, S.W.; Kiley, M.P.; Roumillat, L.F.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; McCormick, J.B. Antigenic relatedness between arenaviruses defined at the epitope level by monoclonal antibodies. J. Gen. Virol. 1991, 72, 549–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hufert, F.T.; Lüdke, W.; Schmitz, H. Epitope mapping of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein using monoclonal anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Arch. Virol. 1989, 106, 201–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vladyko, A.S.; I., B.S.; N., L.N.; Lukashevich, I.S. Characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against Lassa virus. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 1987, 37–40. [Google Scholar]
- Baize, S.; Marianneau, P.; Loth, P.; Reynard, S.; Journeaux, A.; Chevallier, M.; Tordo, N.; Deubel, V.; Contamin, H. Early and strong immune responses are associated with control of viral replication and recovery in Lassa virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 5890–5903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ter Meulen, J.; Badusche, M.; Kuhnt, K.; Doetze, A.; Satoguina, J.; Marti, T.; Loeliger, C.; Koulemou, K.; Koivogui, L.; Schmitz, H.; Fleischer, B.; Hoerauf, A. Characterization of human CD4+ T-cell clones recognizing conserved and variable epitopes of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 2186–2192. [Google Scholar]
- Meulen, J.T.; Badusche, M.; Satoguina, J.; Strecker, T.; Lenz, O.; Loeliger, C.; Sakho, M.; Koulemou, K.; Koivogui, L.; Hoerauf, A. Old and New World arenaviruses share a highly conserved epitope in the fusion domain of the glycoprotein 2, which is recognized by Lassa virus-specific human CD4+ T-cell clones. Virology 2004, 321, 134–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukashevich, I.S. Lassa virus lethality for inbred mice. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1985, 65, 207–209. [Google Scholar]
- Oldstone, M.B. Biology and pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. In Arenaviruses; Oldstone, M.B., Ed.; 2002; Volume 263, pp. 83–118. [Google Scholar]
- Jahrling, P.B.; Smith, S.; Hesse, R.A.; Rhoderick, J.B. Pathogenesis of Lassa virus infection in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun. 1982, 37, 771–778. [Google Scholar]
- Jahrling, P.B.; Frame, J.D.; Smith, S.B.; Monson, M.H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. III. Characterization of Lassa virus isolates. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 79, 374–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, D.H. Pathology and pathogenesis of arenavirus infections. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1987, 133, 89–113. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, D.H.; Wulff, H.; Murphy, F.A. Experimental Lassa virus infection in the squirrel monkey. Am. J. Pathol. 1975, 80, 261–278. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, D.H.; Johnson, K.M.; Lange, J.V.; Gardner, J.J.; Kiley, M.P.; McCormick, J.B. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Lassa virus and a closely related arenavirus, Mozambique virus. J. Infect. Dis. 1982, 146, 360–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evseev, A.A.; Dvoretskaia, V.I.; Bogatikov, G.V.; Phenichnov, V.A.; Mustafin, R.M. Experimental Lassa fever in hamadryas baboons. Vopr. Virusol. 1991, 36, 150–152. [Google Scholar]
- Carrion, R., Jr.; Brasky, K.; Mansfield, K.; Johnson, C.; Gonzales, M.; Ticer, A.; Lukashevich, I.; Tardif, S.; Patterson, J. Lassa virus infection in experimentally infected marmosets: liver pathology and immunophenotypic alterations in target tissues. 2007, 81, 6482–6490. [Google Scholar]
- Hensley, L.; Smith, M.; Geisbert, J.; Fritz, E.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.; Larsen, T.; Geisbert, T. Pathogenesis of Lassa fever in cynomolgus macaques. Virol. J. 2011, 8, 205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, J.V.; Mitchell, S.W.; McCormick, J.B.; Walker, D.H.; Evatt, B.L.; Ramsey, R.R. Kinetic study of platelets and fibrinogen in Lassa virus-infected monkeys and early pathologic events in Mopeia virus-infected monkeys. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 34, 999–1007. [Google Scholar]
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Yun, N.E.; Walker, D.H. Pathogenesis of Lassa Fever. Viruses 2012, 4, 2031-2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4102031
Yun NE, Walker DH. Pathogenesis of Lassa Fever. Viruses. 2012; 4(10):2031-2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4102031
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun, Nadezhda E., and David H. Walker. 2012. "Pathogenesis of Lassa Fever" Viruses 4, no. 10: 2031-2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4102031