RNA Replicons - A New Approach for Influenza Virus Immunoprophylaxis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Potential obstacles with current influenza vaccines
2. RNA Virus Vectors
2.1. RNA replicons
2.2. RNA replicons and initiation of immune response development
2.3. RNA replicons in current use for vaccine studies
2.3.1. Positive-strand RNA replicons for vaccine studies
2.3.2. Negative-strand RNA replicons for vaccine studies
2.4. RNA replicon vaccine studies
2.4.1. Alphavirus replicons
2.4.2. VSV replicons
2.5 RNA replicon vaccines for protection of poultry
2.6. Immunological correlates of protection
3. Resume and future perspectives
Parameter | Inactivated subunit vaccine | Live attenuated vaccine | RNA replicon vaccine |
---|---|---|---|
Safety | High | Risk of revertants, reassortants | High |
Induction of humoral immunity | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Induction of cellular immunity | Low | Yes | Yes |
Mucosal Immunity | Low | Yes | Not yet tested |
Booster Immunisation | May be required (dependent on the vaccine) | No | Likely to be required (further work needed) |
Immune memory | Short-term | Long-term | Long-term |
Protection against drift virus | Low | Yes | Yes |
Heterosubtypic protection | No | Yes | Not known |
Shedding of vaccine virus | No | Yes | No |
Application route | Parenteral (Intranasal possible, but there are safety queries*) | Parenteral or Intranasal* | Parenteral (Intranasal under investigation*) |
Adjuvants | Not used** | Not usually required | Not usually required |
Antigens | HA, NA | Multiple | Maximum number yet to be determined |
Availability | Low | High | High |
3.1. RNA replicon vaccines for multiple antigen expression
3.2. RNA replicon vaccines for mucosal immunizations
3.3. RNA replicon vaccines for the future
Acknowledgments
References
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Zimmer, G. RNA Replicons - A New Approach for Influenza Virus Immunoprophylaxis. Viruses 2010, 2, 413-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2020413
Zimmer G. RNA Replicons - A New Approach for Influenza Virus Immunoprophylaxis. Viruses. 2010; 2(2):413-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2020413
Chicago/Turabian StyleZimmer, Gert. 2010. "RNA Replicons - A New Approach for Influenza Virus Immunoprophylaxis" Viruses 2, no. 2: 413-434. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2020413