Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Features and Cell Interactions
2.1. Envelope Glycoproteins
2.2. The Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein
3. Pathology and Diagnosis
3.1. Pathology
HFRS | HCPS | |
Transmission | Aerosolized wild-rodent excreta, no arthropod vector | Aerosolized wild-rodent excreta, no arthropod vector |
Stages | Incubation period: 1–5 wk, prodrome 5–10 d, hypotensive phase 1–3 d oliguric phage 3–5 d convalescence | Incubation period: 1–5 wk, prodrome (febrile phase) 3–10 d, cardiorespiratoryphase 1–6 d diuretic phase 1–3 d convalescence |
Primary organ of attack | Kidney, lymphoreticular system | Lungs, lymphoreticular system |
Location of effusion | Retroperitoneal space | Thoracic bed; pulmonary interstitium |
Pathologic hallmarks | Capillary leak. Mononuclear infiltrate. | Capillary leak. Interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate. |
Clinical findings | Fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, headache, lethargy, oliguria, tachycardia, facial and truncal flushing, hemorrhage, occasionally noncardiogenic pulmonary edema with tachypnea, shortness of breath, shock, death in 0.1 to 5%. | Fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, headache, lethargy, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, shortness of breath, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, hemorrhage/petechiae (ANDV), shock, death in 10 to 50%. |
Laboratory findings | Hypoalbuminemia, azotemia, proteinuria, hematuria, leukopenia/leukocytosis | Hypoxia, Hypoalbuminemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia/leukocytosis, hemoconcentration |
Treatment | Specific: ribavirin. Nonspecific: cardioventilatory support, dialysis | Specific: none. Nonspecific: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), cardioventilatory support |
3.2. Adaptive Immune Responses
4. Epidemiology and Epizootiology
4.1. Epidemiology and Transmission Mechanisms from Rodents to Humans
4.2. Rodent Reservoirs and Cross-species Transmission
4.3. Outbreaks
5. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Virus strain | Acronym | Geographic Distribution | Host | Pathology | Case-fatality ratio (%) | |
New World | Sin Nombre | SNV | North America | Peromyscus maniculatus | HCPS | –35 |
Choclo | CHOV | Panamá | Oligoryzomys fulvescens | HCPS | ~21 | |
Andes | ANDV | Argentina, Chile | Oligoryzomys longicaudatus | HCPS | 35 | |
Laguna Negra | LANV | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, | Calomys laucha, C. callosus | HCPS | 5–15 | |
Old World | Hantaan | HTNV | China, Korea, Russia | Apodemus agrarius | HFRS | 5–0 |
Seoul | SEOV | Worldwide | Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus | HFRS | 1–2 | |
Puumala | PUUV | Scandinavia, western Europe, Russia | Myodes glareolus | HFRS/NE | 0.1–0.4 | |
Dobrava-Belgrade | DOBV | Balkans | Apodemus flavicollis | HFRS | 5–10 |
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Hjelle, B.; Torres-Pérez, F. Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens. Viruses 2010, 2, 2559-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2122559
Hjelle B, Torres-Pérez F. Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens. Viruses. 2010; 2(12):2559-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2122559
Chicago/Turabian StyleHjelle, Brian, and Fernando Torres-Pérez. 2010. "Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens" Viruses 2, no. 12: 2559-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2122559
APA StyleHjelle, B., & Torres-Pérez, F. (2010). Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens. Viruses, 2(12), 2559-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2122559