Emerging Zoonotic Diseases among Pastoral Communities of Caia and Búzi Districts, Sofala, Mozambique: Evidence of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Study Area and Population
2.2. Study Design and Sample Size Estimation
2.3. Blood Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Data Entry and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characterization
3.2. Frequency of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and CCHFV in Caia and Búzi Districts
4. Discussion
4.1. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Brucella
4.2. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Leptospira
4.3. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Rickettsia
4.4. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against CCHFV
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Búzi District (n = 123) | Caia District (n = 95) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | ||
Gender | Female | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | 1 (1.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref |
Male | 3 (2.4%) | >100 | - | 0.996 | 1 (1.1%) | 0.11 | 0.00; 3.07 | 0.138 | |
Age group | 5–14 years | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 |
15–29 years | 2 (1.6%) | >100 | - | 0.996 | 1 (1.1%) | >100 | - | 0.997 | |
30–59 years | 1 (0.8%) | >100 | - | 0.997 | 1 (1.1%) | >100 | - | 0.997 | |
≥60 years | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Education | None | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | 1 (1.1%) | 2.83 | 0.10; 79.7 | 0.485 |
Primary | 2 (1.6%) | 0.65 | 0.06; 14.6 | 0.735 | 1 (1.1%) | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
Basic | 1 (0.8%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Medium | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Professional technician | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Higher | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Occupation | Domestic worker | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 |
Student | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 1 (1.1%) | 12.00 | 0.41; 364 | 0.106 | |
Education professional | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Health professional | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | |
Veterinarian | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Slaughterhouse worker | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | |
Cattle owner | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | 1 (1.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Cattle herder | 3 (2.4%) | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
Others | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | |
None | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | - | - | - |
Búzi District (n = 123) | Caia District (n = 95) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | ||
Gender | Female | 4 (3.3%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 5 (5.3%) | 1.00 | - | Ref |
Male | 20 (16.3%) | 1.87 | 0.64; 6.89 | 0.289 | 38 (40.0%) | 1.18 | 0.35; 4.28 | 0.789 | |
Age group | 5–14 years | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.991 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.988 |
15–29 years | 8 (6.5%) | 0.52 | - | 0.402 | 19 (20.0%) | 0.86 | 0.14; 5.15 | 0.867 | |
30–59 years | 13 (10.6%) | 0.81 | - | 0.773 | 21 (22.1%) | 0.84 | 0.14; 4.96 | 0.841 | |
≥60 years | 3 (2.4%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 3 (3.2%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Education | None | 4 (3.3%) | 1.52 | 0.29; 8.88 | 0.619 | 6 (6.3%) | 5.60 | 1.07; 35.9 | 0.049 |
Primary | 17 (13.8%) | 1.65 | 0.48; 7.69 | 0.467 | 5 (5.3%) | 2.26 | 0.75; 7.77 | 0.165 | |
Basic | 3 (2.4%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 25 (26.3%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Medium | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.989 | 6 (6.3%) | 5.60 | 1.07; 35.9 | 0.049 | |
Professional techician | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.996 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.992 | |
Higher | 0 | - | - | - | 1 (1.1%) | >100 | - | 0.991 | |
Occupation | Domestic worker | 3 (2.4%) | 2.40 | 0.42; 12.1 | 0.291 | 1 (1.1%) | 0.34 | 0.02; 2.55 | 0.354 |
Students | 1 (0.8%) | 0.49 | 0.02; 3.46 | 0.535 | 3 (3.2%) | 4.11 | 0.48; 86.6 | 0.237 | |
Education professional | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.995 | 2 (2.1%) | 1.37 | 0.15; 12.3 | 0.764 | |
Health professional | 1 (0.8%) | 1.60 | 0.07; 14.0 | 0.699 | 0 | - | - | - | |
Veterinarian | 1 (0.8%) | >100 | - | 0.993 | 1 (1.1%) | 1.37 | 0.05; 36.1 | 0.828 | |
Slaughterhouse worker | 0 | - | - | - | 2 (2.1%) | 0.91 | 0.11; 6.03 | 0.924 | |
Cattle owner | 5 (4.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 19 (20.0%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Cattle herder | 12 (9.8%) | 2.48 | 0.82; 8.55 | 0.123 | 13 (13.7%) | 1.48 | 0.55; 4.01 | 0.432 | |
Others | 1 (0.8%) | 0.71 | 0.03; 5.21 | 0.768 | 2 (2.1%) | 0.91 | 0.11; 6.03 | 0.924 | |
None | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.995 | 0 | - | - | - |
Búzi District (n = 123) | Caia District (n = 95) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | ||
Gender | Female | 4 (3.3%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 1 (1.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref |
Male | 13 (10.6%) | 1.11 | 0.36; 4.20 | 0.995 | 5 (5.3%) | 0.71 | 0.10; 14.2 | 0.864 | |
Age group | 5–14 years | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.995 |
15–29 years | 9 (7.3%) | >100 | - | 0.993 | 3 (3.2%) | 0.39 | 0.04; 8.82 | 0.457 | |
30–59 years | 8 (6.5%) | >100 | - | 0.993 | 2 (2.1%) | 0.23 | 0.02; 5.39 | 0.259 | |
≥60 years | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | 1 (1.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Education | None | 2 (1.6%) | 1.06 | 0.12; 9.73 | 0.954 | 3 (3.2%) | 9.00 | 0.95; 203 | 0.078 |
Primary | 10 (8.1%) | 1.37 | 0.32; 9.47 | 0.701 | 1 (1.1%) | 0.67 | 0.06; 14.8 | 0.747 | |
Basic | 2 (1.6%) | - | - | Ref | 2 (2.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Medium | 2 (1.6%) | 1.70 | 0.18; 16.1 | 0.622 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.994 | |
Professional techician | 1 (0.8%) | 8.50 | 0.27; 290 | 0.181 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | |
Higher | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0.998 | |
Occupation | Domestic worker | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.993 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 |
Student | 2 (1.6%) | 1.38 | 0.17; 8.04 | 0.732 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
Education professional | 1 (0.8%) | - | - | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
Health professional | 2 (1.6%) | 5.00 | 0.59; 45.2 | 0.106 | 0 | - | - | - | |
Veterinarian | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.9983 | |
Slaughterhouse worker | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
Cattle owner | 4 (3.3%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 2 (2.1%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Cattle herder | 7 (5.7%) | 1.60 | 0.44; 6.59 | 0.482 | 2 (2.1%) | 1.87 | 0.21; 16.4 | 0.544 | |
Others | 1 (0.8%) | 0.92 | 0.04; 7.23 | 0.941 | 2 (2.1%) | 14.3 | 1.36; 165 | 0.022 | |
None | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | 0 | - | - | - |
Búzi District (n = 123) | Caia District (n = 95) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | Frequency | OR | IC | p-Value | ||
Gender | Female | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref |
Male | 4 (3.3%) | >100 | - | 0.993 | 5 (5.3%) | >100 | - | 0.993 | |
Age group | 5–14 years | 1 (0.8%) | 1.67 | 0.06; 47.7 | 0.734 | 1 (1.1%) | >100 | - | 0.994 |
15–29 years | 2 (1.6%) | 0.49 | 0.04; 11.1 | 0.573 | 1 (1.1%) | >100 | - | 0.996 | |
30–59 years | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.994 | 3 (3.2%) | >100 | - | 0.995 | |
≥60 years | 1 (0.8%) | 1.00 | - | Ref | 0 | 1.00 | - | Ref | |
Education | None | 1 (0.8%) | >100 | - | 0.997 | 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.000 |
Primary | 3 (2.4%) | >100 | - | 0.997 | 0 | >100 | - | 0.996 | |
Basic | 0 | - | - | Ref | 5 (5.3%) | - | - | Ref | |
Medium | 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.000 | 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.000 | |
Professional technician | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00; Inf | 1.000 | 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.000 | |
Higher | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.000 | |
Occupation | Domestic worker | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 |
Student | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | |
Education professional | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | |
Health Professional | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | |
Veterinarian | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.998 | |
Slaughterhouse worker | 0 | - | - | - | 1 (1.1%) | 5.38 | 0.22; 70.4 | 0.200 | |
Cattle owner | 1 (0.8%) | - | - | Ref | 2 (2.1%) | - | - | Ref | |
Cattle herder | 3 (2.4%) | 2.58 | 0.31; 53.7 | 0.421 | 2 (2.1%) | 1.95 | 0.22; 17.2 | 0.517 | |
Others | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.997 | |
None | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0.999 | 0 | - | - | - |
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Variables | Búzi District (N = 123) | Caia District (N = 95) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | ||
Gender | Female | 31 | 25.2 | 12 | 12.6 |
Male | 92 | 74.7 | 83 | 87.3 | |
Age | 5–14 years | 7 | 5.6 | 2 | 2.1 |
15–29 years | 49 | 39.8 | 41 | 43.1 | |
30–59 years | 56 | 45.5 | 46 | 48.4 | |
≥60 years | 11 | 8.9 | 6 | 6.3 | |
Education status | None | 18 | 14.6 | 9 | 9.4 |
Primary | 72 | 58.5 | 56 | 58.9 | |
Basic | 19 | 15.4 | 19 | 20 | |
Medium | 12 | 9.7 | 9 | 9.4 | |
Professional technician | 2 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | |
Higher | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | |
Occupation | Domestic worker | 11 | 8.9 | 5.0 | 5.2 |
Student | 14 | 11.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 | |
Education professional | 1 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | |
Health professional | 5 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Veterinarian | 1 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | |
Slaughterhouse worker | 0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | |
Cattle owner | 37 | 30.0 | 45.0 | 47.3 | |
Cattle herder | 43 | 34.9 | 25.0 | 26.3 | |
Others | 10 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 | |
None | 1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Búzi (n = 123) | Caia (n = 95) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Brucellosis | 3 | 2.4 | 2 | 2.1 |
Leptospirosis | 24 | 19.5 | 43 | 45.3 |
Rickettsiosis | 17 | 13.8 | 6 | 6.3 |
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever | 4 | 3.3 | 5 | 5.3 |
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Oludele, J.; Alho, P.; Chongo, I.; Maholela, P.; Magaia, V.; Muianga, A.; Melchior, B.; Isaías, T.; Gatambire, A.; Zimba, E.; et al. Emerging Zoonotic Diseases among Pastoral Communities of Caia and Búzi Districts, Sofala, Mozambique: Evidence of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses 2023, 15, 2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122379
Oludele J, Alho P, Chongo I, Maholela P, Magaia V, Muianga A, Melchior B, Isaías T, Gatambire A, Zimba E, et al. Emerging Zoonotic Diseases among Pastoral Communities of Caia and Búzi Districts, Sofala, Mozambique: Evidence of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses. 2023; 15(12):2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122379
Chicago/Turabian StyleOludele, John, Pascoal Alho, Inocêncio Chongo, Plácida Maholela, Vlademiro Magaia, Argentina Muianga, Bibiana Melchior, Telma Isaías, Aline Gatambire, Edna Zimba, and et al. 2023. "Emerging Zoonotic Diseases among Pastoral Communities of Caia and Búzi Districts, Sofala, Mozambique: Evidence of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus" Viruses 15, no. 12: 2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122379
APA StyleOludele, J., Alho, P., Chongo, I., Maholela, P., Magaia, V., Muianga, A., Melchior, B., Isaías, T., Gatambire, A., Zimba, E., Nhavoto, E., Notiço, P., Inguana, P., Cantoria, J., António, V., Monteiro, V., Ali, S., Inlamea, O., & Samo Gudo, E. (2023). Emerging Zoonotic Diseases among Pastoral Communities of Caia and Búzi Districts, Sofala, Mozambique: Evidence of Antibodies against Brucella, Leptospira, Rickettsia, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses, 15(12), 2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122379