The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity in Children and Immunoregulatory Gene Polymorphism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Group’s Characteristic
3.2. Correspondence to Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
3.3. Genotype and Allele Frequencies
3.3.1. ACE2 rs2074192
3.3.2. IFNAR2 rs2236757
3.3.3. TYK2 rs2304256
3.3.4. OAS1 rs10774671
3.3.5. OAS3 rs10735079
3.3.6. CD40 rs4813003
3.3.7. FCGR2A rs1801274
3.3.8. CASP3 rs113420705
3.3.9. Allele Associations and Gene Interrelationships in Children with COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Limitations of the Study
References
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Characteristic | Mild/Moderate COVID-19 (1) | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C (2) | Control (3) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | Median (Q25; Q75) | 2.5 (1.0; 7.0) | 7.0 (2.0; 14.0) | 8.0 (5.0; 13.0) | p1–2 = 0.059 p1–3 = 0.011 * p2–3 = 0.943 |
Min/Max | 0.2/17.0 | 0.1/17.6 | 2.0/16.0 | — | |
Sex | Boys | 19 (63.33) | 20 (66.67) | 7 (46.67) | χ2 = 1.77; p = 0.413 |
Girls | 11 (36.67) | 10 (33.33) | 8 (53.33) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | CC | 13 (43.33) | 8 (26.67) | 8 (53.33) | χ2 = 3.46 p = 0.177 | 0.32 (0.09–1.16) | 0.084 |
CT−TT | 17 (56.67) | 22 (73.33) | 7 (46.67) | 3.14 (0.86–11.50) | |||
Recessive | CC−CT | 21 (70.00) | 14 (46.67) | 12 (80.00) | χ2 = 5.28 p = 0.071 | 0.22 (0.05–0.93) | 0.041 * |
TT | 10 (33.33) | 16 (53.33) | 3 (20.00) | 4.57 (1.07–19.57) | |||
Overdominant | CC−TT | 23 (76.67) | 24 (80.00) | 11 (73.33) | χ2 = 0.27 p = 0.875 | 1.45 (0.34–6.22) | 0.613 |
CT | 7 (23.33) | 6 (20.00) | 4 (24.67) | 0.69 (0.16–2.94) |
Gene | Allele | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACE2 rs2074192 | C | 33 (55.00) | 22 (36.67) | 20 (66.67) | χ2 = 8.20; p = 0.017 * | 0.29 (0.12–0.73) | 0.009 * |
T | 27 (45.00) | 38 (63.33) | 10 (33.33) | 3.45 (1.37–8.69) | |||
IFNAR2 rs2236757 | G | 31 (51.67) | 26 (43.33) | 20 (66.67) | χ2 = 4.36; p = 0.113 | 0.38 (0.15–0.95) | 0.039 * |
A | 29 (48.33) | 34 (56.67) | 10 (33.33) | 2.62 (1.05–6.53) | |||
TYK2 rs2304256 | C | 44 (73.33) | 35 (58.33) | 23 (76.67) | χ2 = 4.40; p = 0.111 | 0.43 (0.16–1.15) | 0.091 |
A | 16 (26.67) | 25 (41.67) | 7 (23.33) | 2.35 (0.87–6.31) | |||
OAS1 rs10774671 | G | 27 (45.00) | 25 (41.67) | 23 (76.67) | χ2 = 10.80; p = 0.005 * | 0.22 (0.08–0.58) | 0.003 * |
A | 33 (55.00) | 35 (58.33) | 7 (23.33) | 4.60 (1.71–12.37) | |||
OAS3 rs10735079 | A | 40 (66.67) | 34 (56.67) | 23 (76.67) | χ2 = 3.67; p = 0.159 | 0.40 (0.15–1.07) | 0.068 |
G | 20 (33.33) | 26 (43.33) | 7 (23.33) | 2.51 (0.94–6.75) | |||
CD40 rs4813003 | C | 56 (93.33) | 57 (95.00) | 24 (80.00) | χ2 = 6.19; p = 0.045 * | 4.75 (1.10–20.57) | 0.037 * |
T | 4 (6.67) | 3 (5.00) | 6 (20.00) | 0.21 (0.05–0.91) | |||
FCGR2A rs1801274 | A | 36 (60.00) | 31 (51.67) | 21 (70.00) | χ2 = 2.85; p = 0.241 | 0.46 (0.19–1.16) | 0.100 |
G | 24 (40.00) | 29 (48.33) | 9 (30.00) | 2.18 (0.86–5.54) | |||
CASP3 rs113420705 | T | 28 (46.67) | 27 (45.00) | 20 (66.67) | χ2 = 4.20; p = 0.122 | 0.41 (0.165–1.02) | 0.056 |
C | 32 (53.33) | 33 (55.00) | 10 (33.33) | 2.44 (0.98–6.10) |
Gene | Allele | Allele Frequency | pCOVID-19-EUR | pControl-EUR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children with COVID-19 | Healthy Children | European Population | ||||
ACE2 rs2074192 | C | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.048 * | 0.061 |
T | 0.54 | 0.33 | 0.45 | |||
IFNAR2 rs2236757 | G | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.71 | <0.001 * | 0.497 |
A | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.29 | |||
TYK2 rs2304256 | C | 0.66 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.144 | 0.390 |
A | 0.34 | 0.23 | 0.28 | |||
OAS1 rs10774671 | G | 0.43 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 0.110 | <0.001 * |
A | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.64 | |||
OAS3 rs10735079 | A | 0.62 | 0.77 | 0.63 | 0.818 | 0.024 * |
G | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.37 | |||
CD40 rs4813003 | C | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.011 * | 0.342 |
T | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.14 | |||
FCGR2A rs1801274 | A | 0.56 | 0.70 | 0.51 | 0.271 | 0.039 * |
G | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.49 | |||
CASP3 rs113420705 | T | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.72 | <0.001 * | 0.542 |
C | 0.54 | 0.33 | 0.28 |
Gene | Genotype/Allele | COVID-19 (n = 60) | χ2, p/ pF | Control (n = 15) | χ2, p/ pF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
ACE2 rs2074192 | CC | 13 (39.13) | 8 (38.10) | χ2 = 6.95; p = 0.031 * | 5 (71.43) | 3 (37.50) | χ2 = 3.45; p = 0.178 |
CT | 5 (12.82) | 8 (38.10) | 2 (28.57) | 2 (25.00) | |||
TT | 21 (53.85) | 5 (23.81) | 0 | 3 (37.50) | |||
C | 31 (39.74) | 24 (57.14) | pF = 0.085 | 12 (85.71) | 8 (50.00) | pF = 0.058 | |
T | 47 (60.26) | 18 (42.86) | 2 (14.29) | 8 (50.00) | |||
IFNAR2 rs2236757 | GG | 12 (30.77) | 6 (28.57) | χ2 = 0.97; p = 0.615 | 4 (57.14) | 3 (37.50) | χ2 = 2.09; p = 0.352 |
GA | 15 (38.46) | 6 (28.57) | 3 (42.86) | 3 (37.50) | |||
AA | 12 (30.77) | 9 (42.86) | 0 | 2 (25.00) | |||
G | 39 (50.00) | 18 (42.86) | pF = 0.566 | 11 (78.57) | 9 (56.25) | pF = 0.260 | |
A | 39 (50.00) | 24 (57.14) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (43.75) | |||
TYK2 rs2304256 | CC | 20 (51.28) | 8 (38.10) | χ2 = 1.25; p = 0.536 | 5 (71.43) | 4 (50.00) | χ2 = 1.25; p = 0.535 |
CA | 13 (33.33) | 10 (47.62) | 2 (28.57) | 3 (37.50) | |||
AA | 6 (15.38) | 3 (14.29) | 0 | 1 (12.50) | |||
C | 53 (67.95) | 26 (61.90) | pF = 0.548 | 12 (85.71) | 11 (68.75) | pF = 0.399 | |
A | 25 (32.05) | 16 (38.10) | 2 (14.29) | 5 (31.25) | |||
OAS1 rs10774671 | GG | 8 (20.51) | 5 (23.81) | χ2 = 0.10; p = 0.953 | 4 (57.14) | 4 (50.00) | pF = 1.000 |
GA | 17 (43.59) | 9 (42.86) | 3 (42.86) | 4 (50.00) | |||
AA | 14 (35.90) | 7 (33.33) | 0 | 0 | |||
G | 33 (42.31) | 19 (45.24) | pF = 0.847 | 11 (78.57) | 12 (75.00) | pF = 1.000 | |
A | 45 (57.69) | 23 (54.76) | 3 (21.43) | 4 (25.00) | |||
OAS3 rs10735079 | AA | 19 (48.72) | 9 (42.86) | χ2 = 1.06; p = 0.588 | 4 (57.14) | 6 (75.00) | χ2 = 0.67; p = 0.715 |
AG | 10 (25.64) | 8 (38.10) | 2 (28.57) | 1 (12.50) | |||
GG | 10 (25.64) | 4 (19.05) | 1 (14.29) | 1 (12.50) | |||
A | 48 (61.54) | 26 (61.90) | pF = 1.000 | 10 (71.43) | 13 (81.25) | pF = 0.675 | |
G | 30 (38.46) | 16 (38.10) | 4 (28.57) | 3 (18.75) | |||
CD40 rs4813003 | CC | 34 (87.18) | 19 (90.48) | pF = 1.000 | 5 (71.43) | 5 (62.50) | χ2 = 1.94; p = 0.379 |
CT | 5 (12.82) | 2 (9.52) | 1 (14.29) | 3 (37.50) | |||
TT | 0 | 0 | 1 (14.29) | 0 | |||
C | 73 (93.59) | 40 (95.24) | pF = 1.000 | 11 (78.57) | 13 (81.25) | pF = 1.000 | |
T | 5 (6.41) | 2 (4.76) | 3 (21.43) | 3 (18.75) | |||
FCGR2A rs1801274 | AA | 12 (30.77) | 10 (47.62) | χ2 = 3.00; p = 0.223 | 5 (71.43) | 3 (37.50) | χ2 = 2.65; p = 0.266 |
AG | 18 (46.15) | 5 (23.81) | 2 (28.57) | 3 (37.50) | |||
GG | 9 (23.08) | 6 (28.57) | 0 | 2 (25.00) | |||
A | 42 (53.85) | 25 (59.52) | pF = 0.570 | 12 (85.71) | 9 (56.25) | pF = 0.118 | |
G | 36 (46.15) | 17 (40.48) | 2 (14.29) | 7 (43.75) | |||
CASP3 rs113420705 | TT | 3 (7.69) | 3 (14.29) | χ2 = 2.05; p = 0.358 | 4 (57.14) | 3 (37.50) | χ2 = 0.75; p = 0.687 |
TC | 27 (69.23) | 16 (76.19) | 2 (28.57) | 4 (50.00) | |||
CC | 9 (23.08) | 2 (9.52) | 1 (14.29) | 1 (12.50) | |||
T | 33 (42.31) | 22 (52.38) | pF = 0.339 | 10 (71.43) | 10 (62.50) | pF = 0.709 | |
C | 45 (57.69) | 20 (47.62) | 4 (28.57) | 6 (37.50) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | GG | 10 (33.33) | 8 (26.67) | 7 (46.67) | χ2 = 1.80 p = 0.406 | 0.42 (0.11–1.52) | 0.185 |
GA-AA | 20 (66.67) | 22 (73.33) | 8 (53.33) | 2.41 (0.66–8.81) | |||
Recessive | GG-GA | 21 (70.00) | 18 (60.00) | 13 (86.67) | χ2 = 3.54 p = 0.187 | 0.23 (0.04–1.21) | 0.083 |
AA | 9 (30.00) | 12 (40.00) | 2 (13.33) | 4.33 (0.83–22.75) | |||
Overdominant | GG-AA | 19 (63.33) | 20 (66.67) | 9 (60.00) | χ2 = 0.20 p = 0.904 | 1.33 (0.37–4.80) | 0.660 |
GA | 11 (36.67) | 10 (33.33) | 6 (40.00) | 0.75 (0.21–2.70) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | CC | 17 (56.67) | 11 (36.67) | 9 (60.00) | χ2 = 3.26 p = 0.197 | 0.39 (0.11–1.38) | 0.143 |
CA−AA | 13 (43.33) | 19 (63.33) | 6 (40.00) | 2.59 (0.73–9.25) | |||
Recessive | CC−CA | 27 (90.00) | 24 (80.00) | 14 (93.33) | χ2 = 2.02 p = 0.364 | 0.29 (0.03–2.62) | 0.268 |
AA | 3 (10.00) | 6 (20.00) | 1 (6.67) | 3.50 (0.38–32.14) | |||
Overdominant | CC−AA | 20 (66.67) | 17 (56.67) | 10 (66.67) | χ2 = 0.77 p = 0.681 | 0.65 (0.18–2.38) | 0.520 |
CA | 10 (33.33) | 13 (43.33) | 5 (33.33) | 1.53 (0.42–5.58) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | GG | 8 (26.67) | 5 (16.67) | 8 (53.33) | χ2 = 6.71 p = 0.035 * | 0.18 (0.04–0.71) | 0.015 * |
GA−AA | 22 (73.33) | 25 (83.33) | 7 (46.67) | 5.71 (1.41–23.10) | |||
Recessive | GG−GA | 19 (63.33) | 20 (66.67) | 15 (100.00) | χ2 = 7.37 p = 0.025 * | 0.06 (0.01–1.16) | 0.063 |
AA | 11 (36.67) | 10 (33.33) | 0 | 15.88 (0.86–292.28) | |||
Overdominant | GG−AA | 19 (63.33) | 15 (50.00) | 8 (53.33) | χ2 = 1.14 p = 0.567 | 0.88 (0.25–3.03) | 0.833 |
GA | 11 (36.67) | 15 (50.00) | 7 (46.67) | 1.14 (0.33–3.96) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | AA | 16 (53.33) | 12 (40.00) | 10 (66.67) | χ2 = 2.99 p = 0.225 | 0.33 (0.09–1.22) | 0.098 |
AG−GG | 14 (46.67) | 18 (60.00) | 5 (33.33) | 3.00 (0.82–10.99) | |||
Recessive | AA−AG | 24 (80.00) | 22 (73.33) | 13 (86.67) | χ2 = 1.11 p = 0.573 | 0.42 (0.08–2.30) | 0.320 |
GG | 6 (20.00) | 8 (26.67) | 2 (13.33) | 2.36 (0.43–12.87) | |||
Overdominant | AA−GG | 22 (73.33) | 20 (66.67) | 12 (80.00) | χ2 = 0.93 p = 0.629 | 0.50 (0.11–2.19) | 0.357 |
AG | 8 (26.67) | 10 (33.33) | 3 (20.00) | 2.00 (0.46–8.75) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | CC | 26 (86.67) | 27 (90.00) | 10 (66.67) | χ2 = 4.32 p = 0.116 | 4.50 (0.90–22.40) | 0.066 |
CT-TT | 4 (13.33) | 3 (10.00) | 5 (33.33) | 0.22 (0.04–1.11) | |||
Recessive | CC-CT | 30 (100.00) | 30 (100.00) | 14 (93.33) | χ2 = 4.05 p = 0.132 | 6.31 (0.24–164.57) | 0.268 |
TT | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.67) | 0.16 (0.01–4.13) | |||
Overdominant | CC-TT | 26 (86.67) | 27 (90.00) | 11 (73.33) | χ2 = 2.29 p = 0.318 | 3.27 (0.63–17.09) | 0.160 |
CT | 4 (13.33) | 3 (10.00) | 4 (26.67) | 0.31 (0.06–1.60) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | AA | 12 (40.00) | 10 (33.33) | 8 (53.33) | χ2 = 1.67 p = 0.435 | 0.44 (0.12–1.55) | 0.201 |
AG + GG | 18 (60.00) | 20 (66.67) | 7 (46.67) | 2.29 (0.64–8.11) | |||
Recessive | AA + AG | 24 (80.00) | 21 (70.00) | 13 (86.67) | χ2 = 1.79 p = 0.409 | 0.36 (0.07–1.93) | 0.232 |
GG | 6 (20.00) | 9 (30.00) | 2 (13.33) | 2.79 (0.52–14.96) | |||
Overdominant | AA + GG | 18 (60.00) | 19 (63.33) | 10 (66.67) | χ2 = 0.20 p = 0.905 | 0.86 (0.23–3.19) | 0.826 |
AG | 12 (40.00) | 11 (36.67) | 5 (33.33) | 1.16 (0.31–4.27) |
Model | Genotype | Mild/ Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19/MIS-C | Control | χ2, p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value for OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominant | TT | 3 (10.00) | 3 (10.00) | 7 (46.67) | χ2 = 11.26 p = 0.004 * | 0.13 (0.03–0.61) | 0.010 * |
TC + CC | 27 (90.00) | 27 (90.00) | 8 (53.33) | 7.88 (1.65–37.69) | |||
Recessive | TT + TC | 25 (83.33) | 24 (80.00) | 13 (86.67) | χ2 = 0.33 p = 0.850 | 0.62 (0.11–3.50) | 0.584 |
CC | 5 (16.67) | 6 (20.00) | 2 (13.33) | 1.63 (0.29–9.23) | |||
Overdominant | TT + CC | 8 (26.67) | 9 (30.00) | 9 (30.00) | χ2 = 5.39 p = 0.068 | 0.29 (0.08–1.04) | 0.058 |
TC | 22 (73.33) | 21 (70.00) | 6 (40.00) | 3.50 (0.96–12.78) |
Combination of Risk Alleles | COVID-19 | Control | p | χ2, p |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 risk alleles | 0 | 0 | p < 0.001 * | χ2 = 24.40; p < 0.001 * |
2 risk alleles | 0 | 2 (13.33) | ||
3 risk alleles | 1 (1.67) | 4 (26.67) | ||
4 risk alleles | 10 (16.67) | 3 (20.00) | p = 0.750 | |
5 risk alleles | 14 (23.33) | 2 (13.33) | ||
6 risk alleles | 17 (28.33) | 4 (26.67) | ||
7 risk alleles | 14 (23.33) | 0 | p = 0.034 * | |
8 risk alleles | 4 (6.67) | 0 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald | df | p | Exp (B) | 95% CI for Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Constant | 4.33 | 1.28 | 11.44 | 1 | 0.001 * | 75.77 | ||
Sex Male/Female | 1.01 | 0.53 | 3.63 | 1 | 0.057 | 2.73 | 0.97 | 7.70 |
ACE2 rs2074192 C/T | −1.05 | 0.54 | 3.73 | 1 | 0.053 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 1.02 |
IFNAR2 rs2236757 G/A | −1.19 | 0.58 | 4.15 | 1 | 0.042 * | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.96 |
TYK2 rs2304256 C/A | −0.32 | 0.63 | 0.26 | 1 | 0.611 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 2.51 |
OAS1 rs10774671 G/A | −2.14 | 0.62 | 12.02 | 1 | 0.001 * | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.40 |
OAS3 rs10735079 A/G | −1.26 | 0.63 | 4.00 | 1 | 0.046 * | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.98 |
CD40 rs4813003 C/T | 1.99 | 0.82 | 5.93 | 1 | 0.015 * | 7.30 | 1.47 | 36.14 |
FCGR2A rs1801274 A/G | −0.40 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 1 | 0.475 | 0.67 | 0.23 | 1.99 |
CASP3 rs113420705 T/C | −2.33 | 0.64 | 13.11 | 1 | <0.001 * | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.34 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald | df | p | Exp (B) | 95% CI for Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Constant | 2.54 | 1.61 | 2.51 | 1 | 0.113 | 12.71 | ||
Sex Male/Female | 2.68 | 1.05 | 6.48 | 1 | 0.011 * | 14.59 | 1.85 | 114.80 |
ACE2 rs2074192 C/T | −2.08 | 0.86 | 5.82 | 1 | 0.016 * | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.68 |
IFNAR2 rs2236757 G/A | −2.98 | 1.06 | 7.86 | 1 | 0.005 * | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.41 |
TYK2 rs2304256 C/A | −0.65 | 0.93 | 0.49 | 1 | 0.486 | 0.52 | 0.08 | 3.24 |
OAS1 rs10774671 G/A | −2.47 | 0.98 | 6.33 | 1 | 0.012 * | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.58 |
OAS3 rs10735079 A/G | −1.20 | 0.82 | 2.15 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 1.50 |
CD40 rs4813003 C/T | 5.58 | 1.93 | 8.36 | 1 | 0.004 * | 264.57 | 6.03 | 11,601.05 |
FCGR2A rs1801274 A/G | −1.19 | 0.89 | 1.78 | 1 | 0.182 | 0.31 | 0.05 | 1.74 |
CASP3 rs113420705 T/C | −3.72 | 1.11 | 11.31 | 1 | 0.001 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.21 |
Co-Expression | Physical Interactions | Shared Protein Domains | Co-Localization | Predicted Functional Relationships |
---|---|---|---|---|
ACE2—ACE | ACE2—ACE | ACE2—ACE | ACE—CFLAR | ACE2—AGT |
ACE2—CLTRN | ACE2—AGT | ACE2—CLTRN | IFNAR2—IL12RB1 | ACE2—GHRL |
IFNAR2—TRAF3 | AGT—ACE | IFNAR2—IL12RB1 | IFNAR2—RACK1 | IFNAR2—JAK1 |
OAS1—OAS3 | IFNAR2—TYK2 | TYK2—JAK1 | IFNAR2—TRAF2 | IFNAR2—TYK2 |
OAS1—OAS2 | IFNAR2—JAK1 | OAS1—OAS3 | OAS1—OAS3 | TYK2—JAK1 |
OAS1—OASL | IFNAR2—RACK1 | OAS1—OAS2 | OAS1—OAS2 | IFNAR2—RACK1 |
OAS1—FCGR2A | TYK2—JAK1 | OAS1—OASL | OAS3—OAS2 | OAS1—OASL |
OAS2—OAS3 | TYK2—RACK1 | OAS2—OASL | JAK1—CFLAR | OAS3—OAS2 |
OAS2—OASL | TYK2—IL12RB1 | OAS3—OASL | OAS2—OASL | |
OAS2—IFNAR2 | TYK2—JAKMIP1 | OAS3—OAS2 | FCGR2A—GP6 | |
OAS2—NEO1 | JAKMIP1—JAK1 | OAS1—TENT4B | CD40—TRAF2 | |
OAS2—FCGR2A | RACK1—JAK1 | OAS2—TENT4B | CD40—TXN | |
FCGR2A—CFLAR | CD40—TRAF2 | OAS3—TENT4B | CASP3—TRAF3 | |
FCGR2A—CD40 | CD40—TRAF3 | OAS1—PAPOLG | TRAF3—CFLAR | |
CD40—JAK1 | CASP3—NDUFS1 | OAS2—PAPOLG | ||
CD40—TXN | CASP3—NEO1 | OAS3—PAPOLG | ||
CD40—OAS1 | CASP3—TXN | OAS1—PAPOLB | ||
CD40—OAS3 | CASP3—CFLAR | OAS2—PAPOLB | ||
CD40—CFLAR | CFLAR—TRAF2 | OAS3—PAPOLB | ||
CFLAR—JAK1 | PAPOLG—TENT4B | |||
CFLAR—TXN | PAPOLB—TENT4B | |||
CFLAR—TRAF2 | PAPOLB—PAPOLG | |||
FCGR2A—GP6 | ||||
CASP3—CFLAR | ||||
TRAF2—TRAF3 |
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Kozak, K.; Pavlyshyn, H.; Kamyshnyi, O.; Shevchuk, O.; Korda, M.; Vari, S.G. The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity in Children and Immunoregulatory Gene Polymorphism. Viruses 2023, 15, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102093
Kozak K, Pavlyshyn H, Kamyshnyi O, Shevchuk O, Korda M, Vari SG. The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity in Children and Immunoregulatory Gene Polymorphism. Viruses. 2023; 15(10):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102093
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozak, Kateryna, Halyna Pavlyshyn, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Oksana Shevchuk, Mykhaylo Korda, and Sandor G. Vari. 2023. "The Relationship between COVID-19 Severity in Children and Immunoregulatory Gene Polymorphism" Viruses 15, no. 10: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102093