SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Co-Infection Cases Identified through ILI/SARI Sentinel Surveillance: A Pan-India Report
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Existing Laboratory Surveillance Network in India
2.2. Selection of Laboratories for the ILI/SARI Surveillance Network
2.3. Tiered Structure of the ILI/SARI Surveillance Laboratory Network
2.4. Diagnostic Multiplex rRTPCR (Real Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR) Kit Used by Laboratories in the Network
2.5. Case Definition for COVID-19/Influenza Co-Infection and Influenza A/B Dual Infection Cases
2.6. Data Entry and Analysis
2.7. Retrieval of Demographic and Clinical Data
2.8. Period of Reporting
3. Results
3.1. Samples Tested and Respiratory Pathogens Detected through the ILI/SARI Surveillance Network
3.2. Cases of Co-Infections
- i.
- Infecting virus type: Two cases had infections with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H3N2, while three cases were co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza B Victoria virus.
- ii.
- Demographic details including co-morbidity: Three of the co-infection cases were children with ages ranging from 1–8 years, while there were 2 adults aged 18 and 74 years. The elderly patient was a known case of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) and was on dialysis. The other patients did not have any co-morbidity. Two cases each were reported from the western state of Maharashtra and the northeastern state of Assam, whereas the remaining case was from the southern state of Kerala.
- iii.
- Symptoms, severity, and hospitalization: The symptoms reported by these patients were fever, cough, running nose, and shortness of breath. Two patients were managed at home, and three patients had to be hospitalized.
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case No. | Region | Age/Gender | Setting | Signs and Symptoms | ILI/SARI | Pathogens | Managed at Home/Hospital | Duration between Onset of Symptom and Hospital Admission | Duration of Hospital Admission | ICU/HDU/CCU Admission | Need of O2/Ventilator | Chest CT Scan Findings | Final Outcome | Co-Morbidities | Influenza Vaccination History |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Western India | 8Y/M | Community | Fever, dry cough | ILI | H3N2+SARS-CoV-2 | Home | - | - | - | No | NA | Resolved in 2 days | None | Not vaccinated |
2 | Western India | 18m/F | Hospital | Fever | SARI | Victoria+SARS-CoV-2 | Hospital | Few hours | 3 days | No | No | NA | Discharged in 3 days | None | Not vaccinated |
3 | North-Eastern India | 1Y/M | Hospital | Fever, cough, runny nose, shortness of breath, stridor in calm patient | SARI | Victoria+SARS-CoV-2 | Hospital | Few hours | 12 days | No | Yes (O2) | NA | Discharged after 12 days | None | Not vaccinated |
4 | North-Eastern India | 18Y/F | Community | Fever, cough, runny nose | ILI | Victoria+SARS-CoV-2 | Home | - | - | - | No | NA | Resolved in 10 days | None | Not vaccinated |
5 | Southern India | 74Y/M | Hospital | Fever, shortness of breath, runny nose | SARI | H3N2+SARS-CoV-2 | Hospital | 2 days | 18 days | No | No | Few atelectatic bands in lower lobes of both lungs. Fibroatelectatic changes in right lower lobe suggestive of bronchiectasis; mild pulmonary hypertension | Discharged after 18 days | CKD (on dialysis), COPD | Not vaccinated |
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Aggarwal, N.; Potdar, V.; Vijay, N.; Mukhopadhyay, L.; Borkakoty, B.; Manjusree, S.; Choudhary, M.L.; Chowdhury, D.; Verma, R.; Bhardwaj, S.D.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Co-Infection Cases Identified through ILI/SARI Sentinel Surveillance: A Pan-India Report. Viruses 2022, 14, 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030627
Aggarwal N, Potdar V, Vijay N, Mukhopadhyay L, Borkakoty B, Manjusree S, Choudhary ML, Chowdhury D, Verma R, Bhardwaj SD, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Co-Infection Cases Identified through ILI/SARI Sentinel Surveillance: A Pan-India Report. Viruses. 2022; 14(3):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030627
Chicago/Turabian StyleAggarwal, Neeraj, Varsha Potdar, Neetu Vijay, Labanya Mukhopadhyay, Biswajyoti Borkakoty, S. Manjusree, Manohar Lal Choudhary, Deepika Chowdhury, Riya Verma, Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj, and et al. 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Co-Infection Cases Identified through ILI/SARI Sentinel Surveillance: A Pan-India Report" Viruses 14, no. 3: 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030627