Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Blood Donors
2.2. Evolution of the Screening Strategy in Switzerland
2.3. The Current Mandatory Testing Strategy in Switzerland
2.4. Confirmation of Screening Reactive Samples
2.5. Theoretical Residual Risk Estimations
2.6. Lookback Procedures (LBP)
3. Results
3.1. Blood Donors
3.2. Incidences in RD
3.3. Prevalences in FD
3.4. Residual Risks (RR)
3.5. Lookback Procedures (LB)
3.6. NAT Yields
3.7. Haemovigilance
4. Discussion
4.1. General
4.2. Blood Donations
4.3. Evolution of the Testing Systems
4.4. Positive Cases
4.5. NAT Yields
4.6. Incidences/Prevalences
4.7. Residual Risk (RR)
5. Conclusions/Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
HCV | HIV | HBV (Variant 1, Including OBI) | HBV (Variant 2, Excluding OBI) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1/RR | 95% Confidence Interval | 1/RR | 95% Confidence Interval | 1/RR | 95% Confidence Interval | 1/RR | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
1996 | 3.3 × 104 | 2.5 × 104 | 4.4 × 104 | 5.9 × 105 | 3.1 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 | 4.0 × 104 | 2.6 × 104 | 6.4 × 104 | 4.0 × 104 | 2.6 × 104 | 6.4 × 104 |
1997 | 2.1 × 105 | 1.1 × 105 | 4.9 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 | 4.9 × 105 | 4.6 × 106 | 7.9 × 104 | 4.3 × 104 | 1.7 × 105 | 7.9 × 104 | 4.3 × 104 | 1.7 × 105 |
1998 | 1.9 × 105 | 9.7 × 104 | 4.4 × 105 | 1.5 × 106 | 5.3 × 105 | 7.4 × 106 | 1.8 × 105 | 7.0 × 104 | 6.6 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 7.0 × 104 | 6.6 × 105 |
1999 | 2.3 × 105 | 1.5 × 105 | 3.9 × 105 | 4.2 × 106 | 7.6 × 105 | 1.7 × 108 | 9.5 × 104 | 4.6 × 104 | 2.4 × 105 | 9.5 × 104 | 4.6 × 104 | 2.4 × 105 |
2000 | 5.3 × 105 | 2.7 × 105 | 1.2 × 106 | 4.1 × 106 | 7.3 × 105 | 1.6 × 108 | 7.1 × 104 | 3.7 × 104 | 1.6 × 105 | 7.1 × 104 | 3.7 × 104 | 1.6 × 105 |
2001 | 3.9 × 106 | 7.0 × 105 | 1.5 × 108 | 6.2 × 105 | 2.9 × 105 | 1.7 × 106 | 8.4 × 104 | 4.1 × 104 | 2.1 × 105 | 8.4 × 104 | 4.1 × 104 | 2.1 × 105 |
2002 | 1.3 × 106 | 4.4 × 105 | 6.2 × 106 | 7.3 × 106 | 1.3 × 106 | 2.9 × 108 | 1.9 × 105 | 6.5 × 104 | 9.3 × 105 | 1.9 × 105 | 6.5 × 104 | 9.3 × 105 |
2003 | 6.5 × 105 | 3.0 × 105 | 1.8 × 106 | 3.7 × 106 | 1.0 × 106 | 3.1 × 107 | 1.2 × 105 | 5.0 × 104 | 3.6 × 105 | 1.2 × 105 | 5.0 × 104 | 3.6 × 105 |
2004 | 1.8 × 106 | 5.1 × 105 | 1.5 × 107 | 1.4 × 106 | 6.0 × 105 | 4.3 × 106 | 1.4 × 105 | 5.4 × 104 | 5.1 × 105 | 1.4 × 105 | 5.4 × 104 | 5.1 × 105 |
2005 | 3.4 × 106 | 6.1 × 105 | 1.3 × 108 | 3.2 × 106 | 9.0 × 105 | 2.7 × 107 | 1.3 × 105 | 5.0 × 104 | 4.7 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 | 5.0 × 104 | 4.7 × 105 |
2006 | 1.7 × 106 | 4.6 × 105 | 1.4 × 107 | 2.1 × 106 | 7.3 × 105 | 1.0 × 107 | 2.5 × 105 | 6.9 × 104 | 2.1 × 106 | 2.5 × 105 | 6.9 × 104 | 2.1 × 106 |
2007 | 6.9 × 105 | 3.0 × 105 | 2.1 × 106 | 1.7 × 106 | 6.5 × 105 | 6.1 × 106 | 1.3 × 105 | 5.1 × 104 | 4.8 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 | 5.1 × 104 | 4.8 × 105 |
2008 | ∞ | 2.9 × 106 | ∞ | 9.3 × 106 | 1.7 × 106 | 3.7 × 108 | 1.3 × 105 | 6.6 × 104 | 3.0 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 | 6.6 × 104 | 3.0 × 105 |
2009 | 1.1 × 107 | 1.9 × 106 | 4.2 × 108 | 4.6 × 106 | 1.3 × 106 | 3.8 × 107 | 5.2 × 105 | 1.4 × 105 | 4.3 × 106 | 5.2 × 105 | 1.4 × 105 | 4.3 × 106 |
2010 | 1.4 × 107 | 2.4 × 106 | 5.4 × 108 | 2.4 × 106 | 9.5 × 105 | 8.9 × 106 | 4.3 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 | 4.3 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 |
2011 | 6.4 × 106 | 1.8 × 106 | 5.3 × 107 | 4.6 × 106 | 1.3 × 106 | 3.8 × 107 | 3.4 × 105 | 1.6 × 105 | 9.2 × 105 | 3.4 × 105 | 1.6 × 105 | 9.2 × 105 |
2012 | 4.5 × 106 | 1.5 × 106 | 2.2 × 107 | 9.7 × 106 | 1.7 × 106 | 3.8 × 108 | 4.3 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 | 4.3 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 |
2013 | 1.2 × 107 | 2.1 × 106 | 4.6 × 108 | 8.3 × 106 | 1.5 × 106 | 3.3 × 108 | ∞ | 5.0 × 105 | ∞ | ∞ | 5.0 × 105 | ∞ |
2014 | 1.4 × 107 | 2.5 × 106 | 5.4 × 108 | 3.3 × 106 | 1.1 × 106 | 1.6 × 107 | 7.3 × 105 | 2.5 × 105 | 3.5 × 106 | 7.3 × 105 | 2.5 × 105 | 3.5 × 106 |
2015 | 1.5 × 107 | 2.7 × 106 | 5.8 × 108 | ∞ | 2.9 × 106 | ∞ | 3.4 × 105 | 1.6 × 105 | 8.3 × 105 | 3.4 × 105 | 1.6 × 105 | 8.3 × 105 |
2016 | 9.4 × 106 | 2.6 × 106 | 7.8 × 107 | 6.3 × 106 | 1.7 × 106 | 5.2 × 107 | 1.7 × 105 | 1.1 × 105 | 2.7 × 105 | 8.4 × 105 | 3.3 × 105 | 3.1 × 106 |
2017 | 1.9 × 107 | 3.4 × 106 | 7.5 × 108 | 6.3 × 106 | 1.7 × 106 | 5.2 × 107 | 3.4 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 | 7.0 × 105 | ∞ | 9.1 × 105 | ∞ |
2018 | 1.6 × 107 | 2.9 × 106 | 6.3 × 108 | 1.1 × 107 | 1.9 × 106 | 4.2 × 108 | 3.2 × 105 | 1.7 × 105 | 6.9 × 105 | 2.8 × 106 | 5.1 × 105 | 1.1 × 108 |
2019 | ∞ | 4.7 × 106 | ∞ | ∞ | 3.1 × 106 | ∞ | 3.9 × 105 | 2.0 × 105 | 9.0 × 105 | ∞ | 8.4 × 105 | ∞ |
2020 | ∞ | 4.6 × 106 | ∞ | ∞ | 3.1 × 106 | ∞ | 2.3 × 105 | 1.4 × 105 | 4.3 × 105 | 3.0 × 106 | 5.4 × 105 | 1.2 × 108 |
2021 | ∞ | 4.5 × 106 | ∞ | 1.1 × 107 | 2.0 × 106 | 4.3 × 108 | 4.2 × 105 | 2.0 × 105 | 1.0 × 106 | ∞ | 7.9 × 105 | ∞ |
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Virus | Year | Pool/ID | Sensitivity | Platform/Assay |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCV | Since 1999 | 48 | 1008 IU/ml | Cobas Amplicor (Roche Diagnostics) 1 |
HCV | Since 2001 | 48 | 283 IU/mL | Cobas Ampliscreen (Roche Diagnostics) 2 |
HCV | Since 2007 | ID | 3.7 IU/mL | Tigris/Procleix Ultrio (Chiron/Novartis) |
HCV | Since 2015 | ID | 8.3 IU/mL | Cobas 8800/MPX (Roche Diagnostics) |
HIV-1 | Since 2002 | 48 | 7680 IU/mL | Cobas Ampliscreen (Roche Diagnostics) 2 |
HIV-1 | Since 2007 | ID | 24.9 IU/mL | Tigris/Procleix Ultrio (Chiron/Novartis) |
HIV-1 M HIV-1 O HIV-2 | Since 2015 | ID | 25.7 IU/mL 8.2 IU/mL 4.0 IU/mL | Cobas 8800/MPX (Roche Diagnostics) |
HBV | Since 2007 | ID | 7.6 IU/mL | Tigris/Procleix Ultrio (Chiron/Novartis) |
HBV | Since 2015 | ID | 1.5 IU/mL | Cobas 8800/MPX (Roche Diagnostics) |
Year | HCV [1/RR] | HIV [1/RR] | HBV (Variant 1, Including OBI) [1/RR] | HBV (Variant 2, Excluding OBI) [1/RR] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | 3.3 × 104 | 5.9 × 105 | 4.0 × 104 | 4.0 × 104 |
1997 | 2.1 × 105 | 1.3 × 106 | 7.9 × 104 | 7.9 × 104 |
1998 | 1.9 × 105 | 1.5 × 106 | 1.8 × 105 | 1.8 × 105 |
1999 | 2.3 × 105 | 4.2 × 106 | 9.5 × 104 | 9.5 × 104 |
2000 | 5.3 × 105 | 4.1 × 106 | 7.1 × 104 | 7.1 × 104 |
2001 | 3.9 × 106 | 6.2 × 105 | 8.4 × 104 | 8.4 × 104 |
2002 | 1.3 × 106 | 7.3 × 106 | 1.9 × 105 | 1.9 × 105 |
2003 | 6.5 × 105 | 3.7 × 106 | 1.2 × 105 | 1.2 × 105 |
2004 | 1.8 × 106 | 1.4 × 106 | 1.4 × 105 | 1.4 × 105 |
2005 | 3.4 × 106 | 3.2 × 106 | 1.3 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 |
2006 | 1.7 × 106 | 2.1 × 106 | 2.5 × 105 | 2.5 × 105 |
2007 | 6.9 × 105 | 1.7 × 106 | 1.3 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 |
2008 | ∞ | 9.3 × 106 | 1.3 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 |
2009 | 1.1 × 107 | 4.6 × 106 | 5.2 × 105 | 5.2 × 105 |
2010 | 1.4 × 107 | 2.4 × 106 | 4.3 × 105 | 4.3 × 105 |
2011 | 6.4 × 106 | 4.6 × 106 | 3.4 × 105 | 3.4 × 105 |
2012 | 4.5 × 106 | 9.7 × 106 | 4.3 × 105 | 4.3 × 105 |
2013 | 1.2 × 107 | 8.3 × 106 | ∞ | ∞ |
2014 | 1.4 × 107 | 3.3 × 106 | 7.3 × 105 | 7.3 × 105 |
2015 | 1.5 × 107 | ∞ | 3.4 × 105 | 3.4 × 105 |
2016 | 9.4 × 106 | 6.3 × 106 | 1.7 × 105 | 8.4 × 105 |
2017 | 1.9 × 107 | 6.3 × 106 | 3.4 × 105 | ∞ |
2018 | 1.6 × 107 | 1.1 × 107 | 3.2 × 105 | 2.8 × 106 |
2019 | ∞ | ∞ | 3.9 × 105 | ∞ |
2020 | ∞ | ∞ | 2.3 × 105 | 3.0 × 106 |
2021 | ∞ | 1.1 × 107 | 4.2 × 105 | ∞ |
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Niederhauser, C.; Tinguely, C.; Stolz, M.; Vock, M.; El Dusouqui, S.A.; Gowland, P. Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum. Viruses 2022, 14, 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122611
Niederhauser C, Tinguely C, Stolz M, Vock M, El Dusouqui SA, Gowland P. Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum. Viruses. 2022; 14(12):2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122611
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiederhauser, Christoph, Caroline Tinguely, Martin Stolz, Michael Vock, Soraya Amar El Dusouqui, and Peter Gowland. 2022. "Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum" Viruses 14, no. 12: 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122611
APA StyleNiederhauser, C., Tinguely, C., Stolz, M., Vock, M., El Dusouqui, S. A., & Gowland, P. (2022). Evolution of Blood Safety in Switzerland over the Last 25 Years for HIV, HCV, HBV and Treponema pallidum. Viruses, 14(12), 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122611