A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Family Peribunyaviridae
2.1. Functions of the NSs
2.2. Potential Roles of the NSm
3. Family Nairoviridae
3.1. Potential Roles of the NSs
3.2. Nairovirus-Specific NS Proteins, Mucin-Like Domain (MLD) and GP38
3.3. Viral Assembly and Infectivity Impacted by the NSm
4. Family Hantaviridae
Functions of the NSs
5. Family Phenuiviridae
5.1. Overview of RVFV NSs Roles in Virulence and Vaccine Development
5.2. The NSs Across Phenuiviridae
5.3. Potential Roles of the NSm
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Genus | Species | Common Name |
---|---|---|---|
Mypoviridae | Hubavirus | * Myriapod hubavirus | Húběi Myriapoda Virus 5 (HbMV-5) |
Wupedeviridae | Wumivirus | * Millipede wumivirus | Wǔhàn Millipede Virus 2 (WhMV-2) |
Nairoviridae | Orthonairovirus | * Dugbe orthonairovirus | Dugbe Virus (DUGV) |
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus | Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) | ||
Hazara orthonairovirus | Hazara Virus (HAZV) | ||
Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus | Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus (NSDV) | ||
Thiafora orthonairovirus | Erve Virus (ERVEV) | ||
Tospoviridae | Orthotospovirus | * Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus | Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) |
Peribunyaviridae | Orthobunyavirus | * Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus | Bunyamwera Virus (BUNV) |
Ngari Virus (NRIV) | |||
Akabane orthobunyavirus | Akabane virus (AKAV) | ||
Batai orthobunyavirus | Batai Virus (BATV) | ||
California encephalitis orthobunyavirus | California Encephalitis Virus (CEV) | ||
La Crosse orthobunyavirus | La Crosse Virus (LACV) | ||
Tacaiuma orthobunyavirus | Tacaiuma Virus (TCMV) | ||
Turlock orthobunyavirus | Umbre Virus (UMBV) | ||
Witwatersrand orthobunyavirus | Witwatersrand Virus (WITV) | ||
Arenaviridae | Mammarenavirus | * Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus | Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) |
Lassa mammarenavirus | Lassa Virus (LASV) | ||
Argentinian mammarenavirus | Junin Virus (JUNV) | ||
Hantaviridae | Orthohantavirus | * Hantaan orthohantavirus | Hantaan Virus (HTNV) |
Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus | Dobrava Virus (DOBV) | ||
Andes orthohantavirus | Andes Virus (ANDV) | ||
Puumala orthohantavirus | Puumala Virus (PUUV) | ||
Seoul orthohantavirus | Seoul Virus (SEOV) | ||
Sin Nombre ortohantavirus | Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) | ||
Tula orthohantavirus | Tula Virus (TULV) | ||
Leishbuviridae | Shilevirus | * Leptomonas shilevirus | Leptomonas Moramango Virus (LEPMV) |
Phenuiviridae | Banyangvirus | * Huaiyangshan banyangvirus | Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) |
Heartland banyangvirus | Heartland Virus (HRTV) | ||
Guertu banyangvirus | Guertu Virus (GTV) | ||
Phlebovirus | * Rift Valley fever phlebovirus | Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) | |
Punta Toro phlebovirus | Punta Toro Virus (PTV) | ||
Salehabad phlebovirus | Arumowot Virus (AMTV) | ||
Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus | Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus (SFSV) | ||
Toscana Virus (TOSV) | |||
Uukuniemi phlebovirus | Uukuniemi Virus (UUKV) | ||
Unassigned | Coguvirus | * Citrus coguvirus | Citrus Concave Gum-Associated Virus (CCGaV) |
Cruliviridae | Lincruvirus | * Crustacean lincruvirus | Wēnlǐng Crustacean Virus 9 (WICV-9) |
Fimoviridae | Emaravirus | * European mountain ash ringspotassociated emaravirus | European Mountain Ash Ringspot-Associated Virus (EMARaV) |
Phasmaviridae | Feravirus | * Ferak feravirus | Ferak Virus (FRKV) |
Family | NS Protein | Functions |
---|---|---|
Peribunyaviridae | NSs | Blocking production of type I IFN [27,28,29,30,31,38] |
Blocking transcription and translation [28,29,162] | ||
Inducing apoptosis [24,162] Inhibiting apoptosis [38] | ||
NSm | Potential role in infection [42,43] | |
Nairoviridae | NSs | Inducing apoptosis [50,52] |
MLD | Potential role in Gn/Gc incorporation into viral particles [59] | |
Potential impact on GP38 conformation [59] | ||
Potential role in regulating Gc accumulation in the Golgi [59] | ||
GP38 | Potential role in Gn/Gc maturation [44,59] | |
Potential role in viral replication [56] | ||
NSm | Role in viral replication and particle formation [48,59] | |
Potential role in virulence [47] | ||
Hantaviridae | NSs | Blocking IFN signaling [68] |
Blocking NF-kB signaling [69] | ||
Limiting dsRNA production [69] | ||
Potential role in chromatin remodeling [70] | ||
Potential role in viral replication [70] | ||
Phenuiviridae | NSs | Aiding in viral evasion of host immunity [72,73,74] |
Inhibiting general transcription [72] | ||
Downregulating or Degrading PKR [72,126] | ||
Segregating chromatin DNA [72] | ||
Role in filament formation [72] | ||
Inducing apoptosis [72] | ||
Antagonizing of type I IFN system [72,111,115,117,119,120,127,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,143] | ||
Antagonizing of type II IFN system (SFTSV only) [130] | ||
Antagonizing of type III IFN system (SFTSV/HRTV only) [131,132] | ||
Inducing cellular damage [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,148] | ||
Inducing apoptosis [81,114] | ||
Promoting viral replication [122,149] | ||
Upregulating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway [144] | ||
Inducing IL-10 expression [145] | ||
Blocking NF-kB signaling [146] | ||
Mediating antiviral signaling [147] | ||
Promoting cell cycle arrest [81,148] | ||
NSm | Maintaining mosquito vector infection [88,150,151] | |
Role in antiapoptotic function [152,155,156] | ||
Potential role in neuro-invasion [157] | ||
Potential role in protein trafficking [157] | ||
Potential role in mRNA nuclear transport [157] |
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Leventhal, S.S.; Wilson, D.; Feldmann, H.; Hawman, D.W. A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins. Viruses 2021, 13, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020314
Leventhal SS, Wilson D, Feldmann H, Hawman DW. A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins. Viruses. 2021; 13(2):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020314
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeventhal, Shanna S., Drew Wilson, Heinz Feldmann, and David W. Hawman. 2021. "A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins" Viruses 13, no. 2: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020314
APA StyleLeventhal, S. S., Wilson, D., Feldmann, H., & Hawman, D. W. (2021). A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins. Viruses, 13(2), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020314