Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Grapevine Viruses in Australian Vineyards
3. Virus Transmission in Vineyards
3.1. Primary Transmission
3.2. Secondary Transmission
4. Symptomatology
4.1. Shiraz Disease
4.2. Leafroll Disease
5. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) and Phylogenetic Analysis of Viruses Associated with Shiraz Disease
5.1. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS)
5.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of Viruses Associated with Shiraz Disease
6. Virus Effects on Vine Physiology and Fruit Composition
7. Economic Impacts of GVA and GLRaV-3
8. Management of Shiraz Disease and Grapevine Leafroll Disease in Australian Vineyards
9. Observations of Shiraz Disease in South Australian Vineyards
10. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family/Genome | Genus | Species 1 | Associated Disease | Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|
Betaflexiviridae Monopartite linear ssRNA (+) | Vitivirus | grapevine virus A (GVA) | Shiraz Disease, Kober Stem Grooving | Mealybug/scale |
grapevine virus B (GVB) | Corky Bark | Mealybug/scale | ||
Foveavirus | grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) | Asymptomatic in most, stem pitting | Unknown | |
Trichovirus | grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) | Leaf mottling and deformation, symptomless | Colomerus vitis | |
Closteroviridae Monopartite linear ssRNA (+) | Ampelovirus—Subgroup I | grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV)-1 and GLRaV-3 | Leafroll disease | Mealybug/scale |
Ampelovirus—Subgroup II | GLRaV-4 and its strains: 5, 6, 9 2 | Leafroll disease | Mealybug/scale | |
Closterovirus | GLRaV-2 | Leafroll disease, Graft incompatibility | Unknown | |
Secoviridae Bipartite, linear ssRNA (+) | Nepovirus | grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) 3 | Fanleaf, degeneration, decline, chlorosis | Xiphinema index; X. diversicaudatum |
Tymoviridae Monopartite, linear ssRNA (+) | Maculavirus | grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) | Fleck on V. rupestris, Asymptomatic in other Vitis sp. | Unknown |
Marafivirus | grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV) | Asymptomatic | Unknown |
Mealybugs | Common Name | Transmitted Viruses | Presence in Australia | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ferrisia gilli (Gullan) | Gill’s mealybug | GLRaV-3,4 | No | [29] |
Heliococcus bohemicus | Bohemian mealybug | GLRaV-1,3; GVA | No | [30,31,32,33] |
Phenacoccus aceris | Apple mealybug | GLRaV-1,3,4; GVA; GVB | No | [26,32,34] |
Planococcus citri | Citrus mealybug | GLRaV-1,3; GVA | Yes | [31,35,36] |
Planococcus ficus | Grapevine mealybug | GLRaV-1,3, 4; GVA | No | [19,31,37,38] |
Pseudococcus viburni | Obscure mealybug, tuber mealybug | GLRaV-3; GVA; GVB | Yes | [39] |
Pseudococcus comstocki | Comstock mealybug | GVE | No | [40] |
Pseudococcus maritimus | Grape mealybug | GLRaV-1,3 | No | [41] |
Pseudococcus calceolariae | Citrophilus mealybug, scarlet mealybug | GLRaV-3 | Yes | [42] |
Pseudococcus longispinus | Long-tailed mealybug | GLRaV-1,3; GVA | Yes | [22,42,43] |
Scale Insects | Common Name | Transmitted Viruses | Presence in Australia | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ceroplastes rusci | Fig wax scale | GLRaV-3,4 strains 5 | Yes | [37] |
Coccus hesperidium | Brown soft scale | [17] | ||
Coccus longulus | Long brown scale | GLRaV-3 | Yes | [20] |
Parasaissetia nigra | Nigra scale | GLRaV-3 | Yes | [20] |
Parthenolecanium corni | Brown scale, European fruit lecanium scale | GLRaV-1,3; GVA | Yes | [32,34,48,54,55] |
Parthenolecanium persicae | Grapevine scale | GLRaV-3; GVA | Yes | [56,57,58,59] |
Parthenolecanium pruinosum | Frosted scale | Unknown | Yes | [57,58] |
Pulvinaria vitis* | Wooly vine scale | GLRaV-3 | Yes | [60] |
Pulvinaria innumerabilis | Wooly maple scale | GLRaV-1,3 | No | [61] |
Neopulvinaria innumerabilis* | Soft scale | GLRaV-1 | Yes | [55] |
Saissetia sp. | Soft scale | GLRaV-3 | Yes | [20] |
Cultivar | Region | Sampling Year | Sample ID | Isolate Name | SD Symptoms | Viruses Identified | GVA Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shiraz | Barossa Valley | 2018 | BV1 | Isolate 1 | No | GRSPaV, GRVFV, GLRaV-1, GVA, GYSVd-1, HSVd | I |
Shiraz | Barossa Valley | 2018 | BV4 | Isolate 2 | No | GRSPaV, GRVFV, GYSVd-1, HSVd | - 1 |
Shiraz | Langhorne Creek | 2018 | LC1 | Isolate 1 | Yes | GRSPaV, GVA, GLRaV-9, GRVFV, GYSVd-1, HSV | II |
Shiraz | Langhorne Creek | 2018 | LC16 | Isolate 2 | No | GRSPaV, GRVFV, GYSVd-1, HSVd | - 1 |
Malbec | Padthaway | 2016 | Malbec | Malbec-Richter 2 | Yes | GVA, GLRaV-3 (4 and its strains 5, 6 & 9), GRSPaV | II |
Virus | Variety/Rootstock | Sample ID (Isolate) | Accession# | Sequence Length (bp) | Location | Symptom on Shiraz | Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GVA | Shiraz | BV1-1 | MT070961 | 2751 | Barossa Valley | None | I |
GVA | Shiraz | BV1-2 | MT070960 | 597 | Barossa Valley | None | I |
GVA | Shiraz | LC1-1 | MT070963 | 7363 | Langhorne Creek | SD | II |
GVA | Shiraz | LC1-2 | MT070962 | 7052 | Langhorne Creek | SD | II |
GVA | Malbec on Richter | Malbec-Richter | MT070959 | 598 | Padthaway | SD | II |
GLRaV-3 | Shiraz on Ramsey | R3ShRam | MN984352 | 942 | Riverland | SD | V |
GLRaV-3 | Shiraz on Ramsey | R4ShRam | MN984353 | 934 | Riverland | SD | I |
GLRaV-3 | Shiraz on 101-14 | R8Sh101 | MN984354 | 941 | Riverland | SD | I |
GLRaV-3 | Malbec on Richter | Malbec-Richter | N/A | N/A | Padthaway | SD | I 1 |
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Wu, Q.; Habili, N.; Constable, F.; Al Rwahnih, M.; Goszczynski, D.E.; Wang, Y.; Pagay, V. Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease. Viruses 2020, 12, 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080818
Wu Q, Habili N, Constable F, Al Rwahnih M, Goszczynski DE, Wang Y, Pagay V. Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease. Viruses. 2020; 12(8):818. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080818
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Qi, Nuredin Habili, Fiona Constable, Maher Al Rwahnih, Darius E. Goszczynski, Yeniu Wang, and Vinay Pagay. 2020. "Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease" Viruses 12, no. 8: 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080818
APA StyleWu, Q., Habili, N., Constable, F., Al Rwahnih, M., Goszczynski, D. E., Wang, Y., & Pagay, V. (2020). Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease. Viruses, 12(8), 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080818