Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.1.1. Human Samples
2.1.2. Bat Samples
2.1.3. Migratory Bird Samples
2.2. Detection of Astrovirus in Bats and Humans
2.3. Detection of Astroviruses in Wild Birds
2.4. Genetic and Phylogenetic Analysis of Astroviruses
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Human Samples
3.2. Bat Samples
3.3. Wild Birds
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis of Bat and Human Astroviruses
3.5. Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Astroviruses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | No. Collected Samples (% *) | No. of Astroviruses-Positive Samples (% †) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Human | 100 | 28 (28) | |
Governorate | |||
Fayoum | 2 (2) | 1 (50) | NS |
Giza | 64 (64) | 20 (31.25) | |
Cairo | 26 (26) | 7 (26.92) | |
Alexandria | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
Aswan | 1 (1) | 0(0) | |
Qaulibia | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | |
Suiz | 2 (2) | 0(0) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 66 (66) | 15 (22.72) | p < 0.05 |
Female | 34 (34) | 13 (38.23) | |
Age | |||
≤1 | 71 (71) | 25 (35.21) | p < 0.05 |
>1 | 29 (29) | 3 (10.34) | |
Bats | 417 | 119 (28.53) | |
Governorate | |||
Damietta | 116 (27.81) | 13 (11.21) | p < 0.05 |
Giza | 301 (72.19) | 106 (35.22) | |
Species | |||
Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) | 288 (69.06) | 96 (33.33) | p < 0.05 |
Egyptian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus aegyptius) | 93 (22.3) | 14 (15.05) | |
Egyptian slit-faced bat (Nycteris thebaica) | 25 (5.99) | 6 (24) | |
Egyptian tomb bat (Taphozous perforates) | 11 (2.64) | 3 (27.27) | |
Age | |||
Adult | 407 (97.6) | 116 (28.5) | NS |
Juvenile | 10 (2.4) | 3 (30) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 170 (40.7) | 58 (34.11) | NS |
Female | 131 (31.41) | 48 (36.64) | |
Unknown | 116 (27.82) | 13 (11.20) | |
Birds | 301 | 80 (26.5) | |
Governorate | |||
Aswan | 79 (26.25) | 13 (16.45) | p < 0.05 |
Damietta | 113 (37.54) | 42 (13.95) | |
Fayoum | 19 (6.31) | 10 (52.63) | |
Mersa Matruh | 24 (7.97) | 4 (16.66) | |
Port Said | 66 (21.92) | 11 (16.66) | |
Species | |||
African swamphen (Porphyrio madagascariensis) | 5 (1.66) | 0 (0) | p < 0.05 |
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) | 2 (0.66) | 0 (0) | |
Squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides) | 2 (0.66) | 1(50) | |
Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) | 4 (1.33) | 1 (25) | |
Grey heron (Ardea cinereal) | 10 (3.32) | 3 (30) | |
Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) | 6 (1.99) | 1 (16.66) | |
Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) | 2 (0.66) | 0(0) | |
Teal (Anas crecca) | 65 (21.59) | 15 (23.07) | |
Wigeon (Anas Penelope) | 1 (0.33) | 1 (100) | |
Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) | 9 (2.99) | 1 (11.11) | |
Coot (Fulica atra) | 12 (3.98) | 2 (16.66) | |
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) | 5 (1.66) | 1 (20) | |
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) | 6 (1.99) | 3 (50) | |
Namaqua dove (Oena capensis) | 4 (1.33) | 0 (0) | |
Northern shoveler (Anas clypeat) | 101 (33.55) | 26 (25.74) | |
Pintail (Anas acuta) | 44 (14.61) | 20 (45.45) | |
Purple heron (Ardea purpurea) | 4 (1.32) | 1 (25) | |
Spotted redshank (Tringa erythropus) | 10 (3.32) | 2 (20) | |
Habitat | |||
Migratory birds | 270 (89.70) | 74 (27.40) | NS |
Resident birds | 31 (10.30) | 6 (19.35) |
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El Taweel, A.; Kandeil, A.; Barakat, A.; Alfaroq Rabiee, O.; Kayali, G.; Ali, M.A. Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt. Viruses 2020, 12, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050485
El Taweel A, Kandeil A, Barakat A, Alfaroq Rabiee O, Kayali G, Ali MA. Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt. Viruses. 2020; 12(5):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050485
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Taweel, Ahmed, Ahmed Kandeil, Ahmed Barakat, Omar Alfaroq Rabiee, Ghazi Kayali, and Mohamed Ahmed Ali. 2020. "Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt" Viruses 12, no. 5: 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050485