The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. KE-9 Detection in Ear Tissue Samples of Newborn Calves
3.2. Long-Term Follow up of a Calf Whose Mother Was Vaccinated during Pregnancy
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Houe, H. Economic impact of BVDV infection in dairies. Biologicals 2003, 31, 137–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richter, V.; Lebl, K.; Baumgartner, W.; Obritzhauser, W.; Kasbohrer, A.; Pinior, B. A systematic worldwide review of the direct monetary losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Vet. J. 2017, 220, 80–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lindberg, A.; Brownlie, J.; Gunn, G.J.; Houe, H.; Moennig, V.; Saatkamp, H.W.; Sandvik, T.; Valle, P.S. The control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Europe: Today and in the future. Rev. Sci. Tech 2006, 25, 961–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ridpath, J.F. Bovine viral diarrhea virus. In Encyclopedia of Virology, 3rd ed.; Mahy, B.W.J., van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Eds.; Academic Press: Oxford, UK, 2008; pp. 374–380. [Google Scholar]
- Blome, S.; Beer, M.; Wernike, K. New Leaves in the Growing Tree of Pestiviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2017, 99, 139–160. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Baker, J.C. The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 1995, 11, 425–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peterhans, E.; Schweizer, M. Pestiviruses: How to outmaneuver your hosts. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 142, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ezanno, P.; Fourichon, C.; Seegers, H. Influence of herd structure and type of virus introduction on the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) within a dairy herd. Vet. Res. 2008, 39, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bitsch, V.; Hansen, K.E.; Ronsholt, L. Experiences from the Danish programme for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) 1994–1998 with special reference to legislation and causes of infection. Vet. Microbiol. 2000, 77, 137–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moennig, V.; Becher, P. Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Pathogens 2018, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moennig, V.; Houe, H.; Lindberg, A. BVD control in Europe: Current status and perspectives. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2005, 6, 63–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stahl, K.; Alenius, S. BVDV control and eradication in Europe—An update. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 2012, 60, S31–S39. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Moennig, V.; Becher, P. Pestivirus control programs: How far have we come and where are we going? Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2015, 16, 83–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wernike, K.; Gethmann, J.; Schirrmeier, H.; Schröder, R.; Conraths, F.J.; Beer, M. Six Years (2011–2016) of Mandatory Nationwide Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control in Germany—A Success Story. Pathogens 2017, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut. Available online: http://www.pei.de/EN/medicinal-products/vaccines-veterinary/cattle/cattle-node.html (accessed on 3 April 2018).
- Coggins, L.; Gillespie, J.H.; Robson, D.S.; Thompson, J.D.; Phillips, W.V.; Wagner, W.C.; Baker, J.A. Attenuation of virus diarrhea virus (strain Oregon C24V) for vaccine purposes. Cornell Vet. 1961, 51, 539–545. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Balint, A.; Baule, C.; Palfi, V.; Belak, S. Retrospective genome analysis of a live vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Res. 2005, 36, 89–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- EMA, CVMP Assessment Report for Bovela (EMEA/V/C/003703/0000). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/medicines/003703/vet_med_000308.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058008d7a8 (accessed on 15 January 2016).
- Tautz, N.; Tews, B.A.; Meyers, G. The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2015, 93, 147–160. [Google Scholar]
- Gil, L.H.; Ansari, I.H.; Vassilev, V.; Liang, D.; Lai, V.C.; Zhong, W.; Hong, Z.; Dubovi, E.J.; Donis, R.O. The amino-terminal domain of bovine viral diarrhea virus Npro protein is necessary for alpha/beta interferon antagonism. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 900–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peterhans, E.; Schweizer, M. BVDV: A pestivirus inducing tolerance of the innate immune response. Biologicals 2013, 41, 39–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, F.I.; Deng, M.C.; Huang, Y.L.; Chang, C.Y. Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses 2015, 7, 3506–3529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wernike, K.; Schirrmeier, H.; Strebelow, H.G.; Beer, M. Eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Germany—Diversity of subtypes and detection of live-vaccine viruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2017, 208, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Official Collection of Test Methods for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (German). Available online: https://openagrar.bmel-forschung.de/receive/openagrar_mods_00005312 (accessed on 15 July 2017).
- Van Oirschot, J.T.; Bruschke, C.J.; van Rijn, P.A. Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhoea. Vet. Microbiol. 1999, 64, 169–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyers, G.; Ege, A.; Fetzer, C.; von Freyburg, M.; Elbers, K.; Carr, V.; Prentice, H.; Charleston, B.; Schürmann, E.M. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: Prevention of persistent fetal infection by a combination of two mutations affecting Erns RNase and Npro protease. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 3327–3338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brodersen, B.W. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections: Manifestations of infection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control. Vet. Pathol. 2014, 51, 453–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brownlie, J. The pathogenesis of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections. Rev. Sci. Tech. 1990, 9, 43–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lanyon, S.R.; Hill, F.I.; Reichel, M.P.; Brownlie, J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet. J. 2014, 199, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fulton, R.W.; Briggs, R.E.; Payton, M.E.; Confer, A.W.; Saliki, J.T.; Ridpath, J.F.; Burge, L.J.; Duff, G.C. Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination. Vaccine 2004, 22, 643–649. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ridpath, J.F.; Fulton, R.W.; Kirkland, P.D.; Neill, J.D. Prevalence and antigenic differences observed between Bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes isolated from cattle in Australia and feedlots in the southwestern United States. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2010, 22, 184–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frazer, I.H.; Thomas, R.; Zhou, J.; Leggatt, G.R.; Dunn, L.; McMillan, N.; Tindle, R.W.; Filgueira, L.; Manders, P.; Barnard, P.; et al. Potential strategies utilised by papillomavirus to evade host immunity. Immunol. Rev. 1999, 168, 131–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
No. Calf | Day of Pregnancy When Vaccinated | Cq in Ear Notch Sample | Virus Isolation | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 64 | 26.2 | negative | culled, [23] |
2 | unknown | 24.1 | n.d. 1 | succumbed after birth, [23] |
3 | 50 | 24.5 | n.d. 1 | dead on its 14th day of life, [23] |
4 | 21 | 26.1 | n.d. 1 | slaughtered |
5 | 38 | 22.4 | n.d. 1 | slaughtered |
6 | 66 | 23.0 | negative | “Fiete”; further observed under experimental conditions |
7 | 64 and 191 | 25.6 | negative | slaughtered |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wernike, K.; Michelitsch, A.; Aebischer, A.; Schaarschmidt, U.; Konrath, A.; Nieper, H.; Sehl, J.; Teifke, J.P.; Beer, M. The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves. Viruses 2018, 10, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050274
Wernike K, Michelitsch A, Aebischer A, Schaarschmidt U, Konrath A, Nieper H, Sehl J, Teifke JP, Beer M. The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves. Viruses. 2018; 10(5):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050274
Chicago/Turabian StyleWernike, Kerstin, Anna Michelitsch, Andrea Aebischer, Uwe Schaarschmidt, Andrea Konrath, Hermann Nieper, Julia Sehl, Jens P. Teifke, and Martin Beer. 2018. "The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves" Viruses 10, no. 5: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050274