Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Virus Subtype and Experimental Animals
2.3. Animal Experiments
2.4. Extraction of Metagenomic DNA
2.5. Illumina Sequencing
2.6. Histological Examination of Intestinal Segments and Villus Conditions
2.7. Extraction of Total RNA
2.8. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.9. Determination of Butyrate
2.10. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. H9N2 AIV Infection Causes Intestinal Structure Injury
3.2. Intestinal Bacterial Microbiota Composition Differs between H9N2-Infected and Control Groups
3.3. Abundance of E. coli Increased Sharply in the Ileum after H9N2 AIV Infection
3.4. H9N2 AIV Infection Damages Ileal Mucous Layer Construction and Tight Junctions
3.5. H9N2 AIV Infection Promotes mRNA Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-22, IFN-α, and IL-17A
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Sense Strand/Sense Primer (5′–3′) | Antisense Strand/Antisense Primer (5′–3′) |
---|---|---|
TFF2 | CCCTGCTGATCCTCGTAT | GCTGTTATTTCCCAGTTGA |
MUC2 | AATGCTGAGTTCTTGCCTAA | GTTGCAGTTCATATCCTGGT |
ZO-1 | GCCTGAATCAAACCCAGCAA | TATGCGGCGGTAAGGATGAT |
Claudin-3 | GAAGGGCTGTGGATGAACTG | GAGACGATGGTGATCTTGGC |
Occludin | GATGGACAGCATCAACGACC | CATGCGCTTGATGTGGAAGA |
IFN-γ | ATCATACTGAGCCAGATTGTTTCG | TCTTTCACCTTCTTCACGCCAT |
IL-22 | CAGGAATCGCACCTACACCT | TCATGTAGCAGCGGTTGTTC |
IFN-α | CCAGCACCTCGAGCAAT | GGCGCTGTAATCGTTGTCT |
IL-17A | CCATTCCAGGTGCGTGAACT | TTTCTTCTCCAGGCGGTACG |
GAPDH | AGGCTGAGAACGGGAAACTTG | CACCTGCATCTGCCCATTTG |
E. coli | GTTAATACCTTTGCTCATTGA | ACCAGGGTATCTTAATCCTGTT |
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Li, H.; Liu, X.; Chen, F.; Zuo, K.; Wu, C.; Yan, Y.; Chen, W.; Lin, W.; Xie, Q. Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses 2018, 10, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050270
Li H, Liu X, Chen F, Zuo K, Wu C, Yan Y, Chen W, Lin W, Xie Q. Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses. 2018; 10(5):270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050270
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Hongxin, Xiaolin Liu, Feiyang Chen, Kejing Zuo, Che Wu, Yiming Yan, Weiguo Chen, Wencheng Lin, and Qingmei Xie. 2018. "Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum" Viruses 10, no. 5: 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10050270