Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters under Different Environmental Conditions for Young Planted Larix olgensis Henry Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sample Selection
2.3. Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Measurements
2.4. Photosynthetically Active Radiation Measurements
2.5. Leaf Morphology Measurements
2.6. Photosynthetic Parameters
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions
3.2. Relationships between Photosynthetic Parameters Versus Tleaf, VPD, LMA and RDINC
3.3. Standardization of Photosynthetic Parameters
3.4. Vertical Profiles of Standardized and Non-Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters during the Growing Season
3.5. The Response of Vertical Patterns of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters to the Different Gradients of Environmental Conditions
3.6. Seasonal Evolution of Standardized and Non-Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters during the Growing Season
3.7. The Response of Seasonal Evolutions of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters to the Different Gradients of Environmental Conditions
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships between Photosynthetic Parameters and Environmental Factors
4.2. Relationships between Photosynthetic Parameters and LMA
4.3. Standardization of Photosynthetic Parameters
4.4. Spatial Variation in Standardized Leaf Photosynthetic Parameters
4.5. Seasonal Variations in Standardized Leaf Photosynthetic Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Trees | Sample Plots | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tree NO. | DBH (cm) | H (m) | Plot NO. | Range of DBH (cm) | Range of H (m) | Quadratic Mean Diameter (cm) | Mean H (m) | Stand Density (trees ha−1) |
I | 10.75 | 10.33 | P1 | 5.0–16.0 | 6.0–12.8 | 9.92 | 9.23 | 2200 |
II | 11.15 | 10.52 | P2 | 5.3–15.9 | 5.3–13.2 | 10.59 | 10.19 | 2400 |
III | 10.90 | 10.81 | P3 | 5.2–14.1 | 7.1–10.5 | 9.73 | 9.62 | 3200 |
IV | 10.80 | 10.35 | P4 | 5.0–16.7 | 5.8–13.0 | 10.13 | 9.63 | 2920 |
V | 11.69 | 10.80 | P5 | 5.2–16.5 | 6.3–12.7 | 10.92 | 10.3 | 2430 |
RDINC | Statistics | Photosynthetic Parameters | Leaf Morphology | Environmental Conditions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pmax (μmol m−2 s−1) | Rd (μmol m−2 s−1) | gs-sat (mol m−2 s−1) | LMA (g m−2) | Tleaf (°C) | VPD (kPa) | PAR (μmol m−2 s−1) | ||
0.1–0.2 | Sample number | n = 1299 (99 PLR curves) | n = 104 | |||||
Mean | 14.67 | 1.48 | 0.25 | 83.61 | 29.62 | 1.74 | 913.85 | |
Std | 4.9 | 0.6 | 0.13 | 19.47 | 3.33 | 0.66 | 427.96 | |
Max | 28.77 | 2.93 | 0.61 | 127.53 | 38.15 | 4.05 | 1879.79 | |
Min | 5.57 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 29.18 | 19.53 | 0.78 | 58.04 | |
0.2–0.3 | Sample number | n = 1026 (80 PLR curves) | n = 348 | |||||
Mean | 11.47 | 1.5 | 0.17 | 74.44 | 30.32 | 2.06 | 836.3 | |
Std | 3.33 | 0.59 | 0.09 | 15.42 | 2.92 | 0.82 | 472.67 | |
Max | 18.41 | 2.85 | 0.51 | 108.67 | 39.37 | 4.32 | 1998.87 | |
Min | 5.23 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 31.07 | 25.07 | 0.97 | 104.9 | |
0.3–0.4 | Sample number | n = 953 (73 PLR curves) | n = 1406 | |||||
Mean | 10.96 | 1.17 | 0.16 | 65.44 | 28.43 | 1.79 | 663.86 | |
Std | 3.31 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 14.63 | 3.19 | 0.73 | 517.09 | |
Max | 17.79 | 2.51 | 0.41 | 90.94 | 35.58 | 3.55 | 2006.43 | |
Min | 4.7 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 26.64 | 19.74 | 0.83 | 14.27 | |
0.4–0.5 | Sample number | n = 912 (69 PLR curves) | n = 1910 | |||||
Mean | 9.9 | 1.03 | 0.14 | 60.4 | 28.53 | 1.77 | 550.91 | |
Std | 2.53 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 13.99 | 3.42 | 0.79 | 496.74 | |
Max | 15.02 | 2.15 | 0.3 | 84.9 | 36.07 | 3.64 | 1804.97 | |
Min | 3.21 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 24.85 | 20.42 | 0.65 | 7.86 | |
0.5–0.6 | Sample number | n = 835 (62 PLR curves) | n = 2076 | |||||
Mean | 8.78 | 0.96 | 0.12 | 56.01 | 27.83 | 1.84 | 444.87 | |
Std | 2.17 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 12.39 | 3.51 | 0.72 | 465.05 | |
Max | 13.24 | 2.29 | 0.29 | 75.77 | 34.54 | 3.55 | 1856.4 | |
Min | 4.41 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 28.85 | 19.71 | 0.67 | 7.45 | |
0.6–0.7 | Sample number | n = 802 (61 PLR curves) | n = 2793 | |||||
Mean | 7.57 | 0.8 | 0.11 | 49.96 | 27.19 | 1.7 | 276.86 | |
Std | 1.82 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 9.96 | 3.42 | 0.6 | 348.78 | |
Max | 13.69 | 1.65 | 0.28 | 69.83 | 34.2 | 3.76 | 1781.77 | |
Min | 4.33 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 29.3 | 18.96 | 0.81 | 6.44 | |
0.7–0.8 | Sample number | n = 884 (66 PLR curves) | n = 2841 | |||||
Mean | 6.79 | 0.75 | 0.1 | 45.17 | 26.91 | 1.66 | 198.29 | |
Std | 1.91 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 8.73 | 3.42 | 0.55 | 305.57 | |
Max | 14.87 | 1.91 | 0.24 | 64.23 | 34.2 | 3.33 | 1609.52 | |
Min | 3.17 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 26.22 | 18.5 | 0.75 | 2.79 | |
0.8–0.9 | Sample number | n = 816 (63 PLR curves) | n = 2572 | |||||
Mean | 6.55 | 0.85 | 0.1 | 40.6 | 26.85 | 1.62 | 119.02 | |
Std | 1.81 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 7.04 | 3.93 | 0.51 | 230.04 | |
Max | 11.92 | 2.13 | 0.23 | 54.49 | 33.46 | 3.01 | 1463.72 | |
Min | 3.47 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 26.86 | 15.45 | 0.64 | 1.54 | |
0.9–1.0 | Sample number | n = 907 (67 PLR curves) | n = 2282 | |||||
Mean | 5.55 | 0.66 | 0.09 | 37.53 | 26.79 | 1.59 | 76.58 | |
Std | 1.71 | 0.4 | 0.04 | 7 | 3.63 | 0.52 | 180.25 | |
Max | 10.99 | 1.84 | 0.24 | 58.73 | 34.38 | 3.07 | 1477.64 | |
Min | 2.1 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 23.98 | 17.8 | 0.64 | 1.04 |
Photosynthetic Parameters | R2 | RMSE |
---|---|---|
Pmax (μmol m−2 s−1) | 0.769 | 2.00 |
Rd (μmol m−2 s−1) | 0.575 | 0.37 |
gs-sat (mol m−2 s−1) | 0.546 | 0.06 |
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Share and Cite
Liu, Q.; Li, F. Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters under Different Environmental Conditions for Young Planted Larix olgensis Henry Trees. Forests 2018, 9, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090522
Liu Q, Li F. Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters under Different Environmental Conditions for Young Planted Larix olgensis Henry Trees. Forests. 2018; 9(9):522. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090522
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qiang, and Fengri Li. 2018. "Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Standardized Photosynthetic Parameters under Different Environmental Conditions for Young Planted Larix olgensis Henry Trees" Forests 9, no. 9: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090522