Development of a New TRIPLEX-Insect Model for Simulating the Effect of Spruce Budworm on Forest Carbon Dynamics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Description
2.2. Model Development
2.2.1. Model Structure
2.2.2. Tree Mortality Resulting from Defoliation
2.2.3. Biomass Loss Resulting from Mortality and Defoliation
2.2.4. Compensatory Mechanisms of Foliage Loss
2.3. Sensitivity Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Sensitivity Analysis
3.3. Effects of Defoliation on Carbon Fluxes and Stocks
3.4. Prediction of Mortality and NEP with Different Defoliation Scenarios
4. Discussions
4.1. Impact of Defoliation Intensity and Duration
4.2. Model Performance, Limitations, and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Basal Area (m2 ha−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Plot ID | Year | Observed | Simulated |
QC_1 | 2010 | 13.30 | 13.34 |
QC_1 | 2015 | 11.65 | 12.36 |
QC_2 | 2010 | 18.65 | 18.73 |
QC_2 | 2015 | 13.77 | 11.9 |
QC_3 | 2010 | 20.25 | 20.3 |
QC_3 | 2015 | 19.19 | 19.2 |
1976 | 1985 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | Basal Area (m2 ha−1) | Volume (m3) | DBH (cm) | Height (m) | DBH (cm) a | Height (m) a | |
Group 2 | 1300 (1294) | 38 (44.8) | 184 (199.3) | 21 (21) | 11 (11.1) | 22.7 ± 0.9 (21.7) | 10.2 ± 0.4 (11.5) |
Group 3 | 900 (896) | 21 (40.5) | 92 (147) | 24 (24) | 9 (9.1) | 23 ± 2.2 (25.1) | 8 ± 0.6 (9.6) |
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Plot ID | QC_1 | QC_2 | QC_3 |
---|---|---|---|
Longitude | 67.82° W | 68.12° W | 67.66° W |
Latitude | 49.58° N | 49.71° N | 49.48° N |
Plot size | 4000 m2 | 4000 m2 | 4000 m2 |
Soil type | Thick glacial till | Thick glacial till | Thick glacial till |
Primary Species | 61% balsam fir | 72% balsam fir | 67% balsam fir |
Observed defoliation (year) | 2006–2016 | 2006–2016 | 2006–2016 |
Stand origin (year) | 1805 | 1805 | 1930 |
Average annual temperature (1981–2010) | 1.7 °C | 1.7 °C | 1.7 °C |
Average annual precipitation (1981–2010) | 1001 mm | 1001 mm | 1001 mm |
Mean Temperature in May | Proportion of Annual Defoliation | ||
---|---|---|---|
May | June | July | |
<5 °C | 50% AD | 50% AD | |
≥5 °C | 10% AD | 40% AD | 50% AD |
Parameter | Description | Without Defoliation | Severe Defoliation |
---|---|---|---|
Balsam Fir | Balsam Fir | ||
Cα | Canopy quantum efficiency | 0.12 a | 0.12 × exp(−0.02 × Age) × 3.5 |
Max Height | Max height (m) | 25 b | ------- |
Age Max | Max stand age (year) | 250 b | ------- |
Height at 5 year | Growth height during the first 5 year | 2.1 a | ------- |
EtaS | Stem fraction from NPP | (1 − exp(−0.04 × age) × (1 − Height/MaxHeight) | ------- |
EtaCR | Coarse root fraction from NPP | 0.25 × EtaS | ------- |
EtaF | Leaf fraction from NPP | (1 − EtaS − EtaCR) × 0.4 | (1 − EtaS − EtaCR) × 0.6 |
EtaFR | Fine root fraction from NPP | (1 − EtaS − EtaCR) × 0.6 | (1 − EtaS − EtaCR) × 0.4 |
NM | Normal mortality (%/year) | 0.6 b | 0 b |
CM | Competition mortality (%/year) | 1.2 b | 0 b |
5 Years of GPP Change | 5 Years of Ra Change | |||||||
Tree Ages | 20% AD | 40% AD | 60% AD | 80% AD | 20% AD | 40% AD | 60% AD | 80% AD |
41–60 ages | 5.80% | 1.32% | −35.78% | −53.68% | 4.81% | 0.74% | −32.18% | −46.36% |
101–120 ages | 6.25% | 2.16% | −78.02% | −84.95% | 3.91% | −0.49% | −65.04% | −76.07% |
161–180 ages | 11.15% | 4.25% | −93.16% | −95.42% | 6.23% | −1.64% | −89.62% | −93.01% |
10 Years of GPP Change | 10 Years of Ra Change | |||||||
Tree Ages | 20%AD | 40%AD | 60%AD | 80%AD | 20%AD | 40%AD | 60%AD | 80%AD |
41–60 ages | 4.94% | −6.76% | −100% | −100% | 4.30% | −8.06% | −100% | −100% |
101–120 ages | 7.88% | −4.76% | −100% | −100% | 4.86% | −8.62% | −100% | −100% |
161–180 ages | 12.74% | −23.37% | −100% | −100% | 7.37% | −29.47% | −100% | −100% |
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Liu, Z.; Peng, C.; De Grandpré, L.; Candau, J.-N.; Zhou, X.; Kneeshaw, D. Development of a New TRIPLEX-Insect Model for Simulating the Effect of Spruce Budworm on Forest Carbon Dynamics. Forests 2018, 9, 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090513
Liu Z, Peng C, De Grandpré L, Candau J-N, Zhou X, Kneeshaw D. Development of a New TRIPLEX-Insect Model for Simulating the Effect of Spruce Budworm on Forest Carbon Dynamics. Forests. 2018; 9(9):513. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090513
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zelin, Changhui Peng, Louis De Grandpré, Jean-Noël Candau, Xiaolu Zhou, and Daniel Kneeshaw. 2018. "Development of a New TRIPLEX-Insect Model for Simulating the Effect of Spruce Budworm on Forest Carbon Dynamics" Forests 9, no. 9: 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090513