Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Field Sampling
2.2. Point Pattern Analyses of Living and Dead Beech Trees
3. Results
3.1. Standing Dead Trees
Living Trees | |||||||
Plot | F. orientalis | A. velutinum | A. subcordata | C. betulus | A. cappadocicum | Total | |
Tree Density | 1 | 424 | 9 | 3 | 13 | 6 | 455 |
2 | 277 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 288 | |
(ind. ha−1) | |||||||
3 | 206 | 11 | 12 | 4 | 8 | 241 | |
Basal Area | 1 | 36.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 38.4 |
(m2 ha−1) | 2 | 34.7 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 36.5 |
3 | 27.5 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 32.3 | |
Standing Dead Trees | |||||||
Plot | F. orientalis | A. velutinum | A. subcordata | C. betulus | A. cappadocicum | Total | |
Tree Density | 1 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
2 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | |
(ind. ha−1) | |||||||
3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | |
Basal Area | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 1.1 |
2 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | |
(m2 ha−1) | |||||||
3 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 |
3.2. Fallen Dead Trees
Tree Species | Number | Tree Diameter (cm) | Length (m) | Volume (m3) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | max | mean | min | max | mean | min | max | mean | |||
Plot 1 | F. orientalis | 9 | 7 | 90 | 42 | 5 | 28 | 16.4 | 0.04 | 27.5 | 3.1 |
A. velutinum | 1 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
Plot 2 | F. orientalis | 12 | 14 | 100 | 44.9 | 8 | 34 | 15.1 | 0.21 | 18.1 | 3.5 |
Plot 3 | F. orientalis | 22 | 13 | 94 | 44.4 | 6 | 32 | 19.4 | 0.21 | 19.4 | 4.3 |
3.3. Spatial Analysis of Dead Trees
3.4. Volume of Dead Wood
Plot | Living trees wood volume (m3 ha−1) | Standing dead wood volume (m3 ha−1) | Fallen dead wood volume (m3 ha−1) | Dead wood volume to alive wood volume ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 490.6 | 9.1 | 27.8 | 7.5 |
2 | 486.0 | 12.9 | 42.3 | 11.4 |
3 | 417.0 | 24.7 | 94.4 | 29.0 |
Rot class (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | |
Plot 1 | 20 | 10 | 30 | 40 |
Plot 2 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 17 |
Plot 3 | 4 | 41 | 23 | 32 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
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Amanzadeh, B.; Sagheb-Talebi, K.; Foumani, B.S.; Fadaie, F.; Camarero, J.J.; Linares, J.C. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran. Forests 2013, 4, 751-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040751
Amanzadeh B, Sagheb-Talebi K, Foumani BS, Fadaie F, Camarero JJ, Linares JC. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran. Forests. 2013; 4(4):751-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040751
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanzadeh, Beitollah, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi, Bahman Sotoudeh Foumani, Farhad Fadaie, Jesús Julio Camarero, and Juan Carlos Linares. 2013. "Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran" Forests 4, no. 4: 751-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/f4040751