Next Article in Journal
Tree- and Stand-Scale Roost Selection and Partitioning by Bats Barbastella barbastellus Schreber, 1774 and Pipistrellus pygmaeus Leach, 1825 in a European Lowland Forest
Previous Article in Journal
Development and Evaluation of the Forest Drought Response Index (ForDRI): An Integrated Tool for Monitoring Drought Stress Across Forest Ecosystems in the Contiguous United States
Previous Article in Special Issue
Effects of Mixed Addition of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. and Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. Litter on Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Brown Soil of Northeast China
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Forests
Volume 16
Issue 7
10.3390/f16071188
forests-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Contrasting Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests on Soil Microbial Communities

by
Rong Lin
1,
Wenjie Long
1,
Fanqian Kong
2,
Juanjuan Zhu
1,
Miaomiao Wang
1,
Juan Liu
1,
Rui Li
3,* and
Songze Wan
1,*
1
Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Breeding and Efficient Utilization of Native Tree Species, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2
Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330045, China
3
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, Nanchang 330045, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2025, 16(7), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071188
Submission received: 25 June 2025 / Revised: 17 July 2025 / Accepted: 18 July 2025 / Published: 18 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemistry)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Soil microbes play a crucial role in driving biogeochemical cycles and are closely linked with aboveground plants during forest succession. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) encroachment into adjacent forests of varying composition is known to alter plant diversity in subtropical and tropical regions. However, how soil microbial communities respond to this vegetation type transformation has not fully explored. To address this knowledge gap, a time-alternative spatial method was employed in the present study, and we investigated the effect of Moso bamboo expansion into subtropical broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest on soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). We also measured the dynamics of key soil properties during the Moso bamboo expansion processes. Our results showed that Moso bamboo encroachment into subtropical broad-leaved forest induced an elevation in soil bacterial PLFAs (24.78%) and total microbial PLFAs (22.70%), while decreasing the fungal-to-bacterial (F:B) ratio. This trend was attributed to declines in soil NO3−-N (18.63%) and soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations (28.83%). Conversely, expansion into coniferous forests promoted soil fungal PLFAs (40.41%) and F:B ratio, primarily driven by increases in soil pH (4.83%) and decreases in SOC (36.18%). These results provide mechanistic insights into how contrasting expansion trajectories of Moso bamboo restructure soil microbial communities and highlight the need to consider vegetation context-dependency when evaluating the ecological consequences of Moso bamboo expansion.

1. Introduction

Soil microbes are one of the most active components in forest ecosystems and drive several soil ecological processes, such as soil organic matter mineralization [1,2,3], litter decomposition [4], greenhouse gas emission [5], and nutrient cycling [6], thus maintaining ecosystem stability by providing feedback to ecological processes. Soil microbes are closely linked to aboveground plants. In general, aboveground plants provide nutrient substrates for soil microbes through litter and root input and affect the community composition of soil microbes, while soil microbes affect the growth and species composition of aboveground plants by mediating soil nutrient availability and changing the symbiotic paths with plant roots [7]. Accordingly, soil microbes respond quickly to forest transition, and an in-depth understanding of soil microbial community dynamics in forest succession is of great significance for exploring the transformation and its driving mechanisms.
During forest succession, plant functional traits can be used as “functional markers” to indicate the dynamics of ecosystem processes and functions [8]. For example, shifts in plant leaf functional traits (such as leaf size, shape, and texture) influence litter decomposability, ultimately mediating soil nutrient availability and microbial community structure [9,10]. Generally, as succession progresses, nutrition-acquisitive species are gradually replaced by resource-conservative ones [11]. Early-successional fast-growing species produce high-quality litter with rapid decomposition rates, fostering bacterial-dominated soil food webs [12]. Conversely, late-successional slower-growing species generate phenolic-rich, low-quality litter that promotes fungal dominance [12,13]. Consequently, soil microbial communities shift from bacterial-to-fungal-dominated structures during natural succession. However, studies on plant invasion reveal that invasive species often produce rapidly decomposing litter to meet their high nutrient demands, thereby shifting soil communities toward bacterial dominance as their abundance increases [14,15,16]. Collectively, soil microbial responses to forest transformation depend on species identity and environmental context [2,17,18,19,20]. Given that shifts in aboveground plant communities can cascade to soil microbes and feedback to carbon and nutrient cycling, investigating the impacts of forest transformation on soil microbial communities is critical for understanding ecosystem stability mechanisms.
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is a clonal plant belonging to the genus Phyllostachys in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the Poaceae family [21]. It is a widely distributed native plant in China, easily expanding into neighboring forests via its vigorous rhizome system. According to the 9th China Forest Resource Survey, the area of Moso bamboo has increased by over 1.2 million hectares in the past decade, with continuous encroachment into neighboring forests at an annual pace of 5 × 104 ha [22,23]. The fast-spreading Moso bamboo significantly impacts ecosystem functions, primarily driven by its fast growth rate and prolific reproductive traits. For instance, Larpkern et al. (2011) revealed that the proliferation of Moso bamboo diminished aboveground plant biodiversity and consequently decreased soil available N content [24]. Pan et al. (2024) explored how Moso bamboo encroachment reduced soil microbial biomass and available N content by enhancing allelochemical release during litter decomposition [25]. Furthermore, Moso bamboo expansion increases litter quality disparity with native plants and alters litter decomposition rates, thereby influencing soil microbial community structure and function [23,26]. In accordance with the microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization (MEMS) theory, Moso bamboo encroachment into adjacent forests with lower litter quality promotes the formation of bacterial-dominated soil microbial communities [27], whereas expansion into forests with higher litter quality may shift communities toward fungal dominance [16]. However, given that invasive plant litter typically decomposes faster to meet their high nutrient demands, how Moso bamboo affects soil microbial communities hinges on the forest type it invades and requires further exploration [28].
To date, the influence of Moso bamboo’s encroachment on soil microbiome in neighboring forests has emerged as a focal point in ecological research. For instance, Chang et al. (2015) observed decreases in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria PLFAs after Moso bamboo invaded cedar forests in Taiwan, China [29]. Wu et al. (2024) revealed that the proliferation of Moso bamboo in subtropical coniferous forests increased soil fungi PLFAs, decreased bacterial diversity, and elevated F:B ratio via soil pH modification [21]. Xu et al. (2015) documented significant increases in soil bacterial, fungal, and total microbial biomass following Moso bamboo encroachment into broad-leaved forests in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, China [30]. Conversely, Shao et al. (2023) explored how Moso bamboo expansion significantly reduced soil fungal and bacterial biomass in evergreen broad-leaved forests by decreasing litter productivity and its C:N ratio [31]. These contrasting results imply that Moso bamboo expansion’s effects on soil microbes are context-dependent, influenced by forest type and sampling site [19]. While host preferences and environmental adaptations of soil microbes are recognized as primary drivers of microbial diversity and composition [32], sampling site variation should not be overlooked when investigating Moso bamboo’s differential impacts on soil microbial communities across forest ecosystems, especially along successional gradients. Subtropical regions are characterized by two dominant vegetation formations—coniferous and broad-leaved forests—both highly susceptible to Moso bamboo expansion [21,31]. Nevertheless, when the potential impacts of different sampling sites are overlooked, it remains poorly understood why Moso bamboo spreading into these forest types differentially affects soil microbial communities. To address this knowledge gap, the current study employed a space-for-time substitution approach along a transect in Jiangxi Matoushan National Nature Reserve, where Moso bamboo is concurrently expanding into coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forests. This study aims to investigate the impact of Moso bamboo expansion on the structure of soil microbial communities. We hypothesize that (1) Moso bamboo expansion into evergreen broad-leaved forest enhances soil nutrient availability and plant leaf nutrient content, thereby promoting the formation of a bacterial-dominated soil food web [12] and that (2) Moso bamboo encroachment into coniferous forest reduces soil nutrient availability and litter decomposability, consequently fostering fungal dominance capable of decomposing low-quality litter [13].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Site Description and Experimental Design

The fieldwork was carried out in the Jiangxi Matoushan National Nature Reserve located in southeastern part of Jiangxi Province, China, on the western slope of the Wuyi mountain (27°40′–27°53′ N, 117°09′–117°18′ E). The region experiences a subtropical monsoon climate, featuring an average annual temperature of approximately 17 °C and an annual precipitation of around 1930 mm. According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2006), the soil type in the study region is classified as Luvisols, corresponding to Red-Yellow Soil in the Chinese Genetic Soil Classification system. The reserve harbors two primary climax vegetation types: evergreen broad-leaved forests and coniferous forests. Dominant species in the evergreen broad-leaved forests include Alniphyllum fortune, Schima superba, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus litseifolius, Syzygium buxifolium, Machilus thunbergii, Castanopsis eyrei, and Castanopsis sclerophylla. Coniferous forests are dominated by Cunninghamia lanceolata, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, and Cryptomeria japonica. In the study site, the evergreen broad-leaved forest undergoing Moso bamboo expansion is dominated by Machilus thunbergii (relative abundance is about 75%), whereas the coniferous forest is dominated by Cryptomeria japonica (relative abundance is about 89%). The ratio of the number of individuals of Moso bamboo to Machilus thunbergii in the Moso bamboo–broad-leaved mixed forest is about 3.2:1, while in Moso bamboo–coniferous mixed forest, the ratio of the number of individuals of Moso bamboo to Cryptomeria is approximately 2.3:1.
In January 2022, four typical expansion transects were established along the direction of Moso bamboo expansion into evergreen broad-leaved forests and coniferous forests, respectively. The distance between adjacent transects exceeded 50 m. The transects into evergreen broad-leaved forests included three forest types: original evergreen broad-leaved forest (MF), Moso bamboo–broad-leaved mixed forest (MPF), and Moso bamboo forest (PF). Similarly, the transects into coniferous forests comprised three types: original coniferous forest (CF), Moso bamboo–coniferous mixed forest (CPF), and Moso bamboo forest (PF). A 20 m × 20 m sampling plot was established in each of the three forest types along each transect. In total, the study included 24 sampling plots, with four replicates across all forest types.

2.2. Soil Sampling and Measurement

Soil sampling was performed in March, June, and September 2022, respectively. During sampling, surface organic matter was first removed, and nine random points were selected using a coordinate-based randomization method for soil collection at 0–10 cm depth using a soil auger with a 5 cm inner diameter. Collected soil from each replicate of the nine sampling points was then combined, homogenized, and sieved through a 2 mm mesh to remove debris (fine roots and/or stones). The sieved soil was divided into three portions: (1) fresh soil for ammonium and nitrate nitrogen analysis; (2) air-dried soil for chemical properties; and (3) freeze-dried soil samples were cryopreserved at −20 °C prior to phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) extraction.
Soil pH was determined potentiometrically using a glass electrode calibrated against pH 4.01 and 7.00 buffer solution. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) were extracted with 2 M KCl solution and quantified using a continuous flow analyzer (AA3, Bran + Luebbe, Norderstedt, Germany) [6]. Total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) were determined with an elemental analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) [10]. Total phosphorus (TP) content in the extractants was determined using the molybdate blue method [4].
Soil microbial community composition was characterized using the PLFA method described by Bossio and Scow et al. (1998) [33]. The treated soil samples were analyzed by an Agilent 6890GC/5973 MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). PLFA biomarkers were normalized to a 19:0 internal standard [34], with the following 12 PLFAs designated as bacterial markers: i14:0, a15:0, i15:0, i16:0, a17:0, i17:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1ω7c, 17:1ω8c, and 18:1ω7c. Fungal markers included 18:1ω9c and 18:2ω6c [35]. The fungal-to-bacterial ratio (F:B) was derived from PLFA profiles, and total microbial biomass was quantified using the sum of biomarker-specific PLFAs (i14:0, a15:0, i15:0, i16:0, a17:0, i17:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1ω7c, 17:1ω8c, and 18:1ω7c for bacteria; 18:1ω9c and 18:2ω6c for fungi). All PLFA concentrations were normalized and reported as nmol g−1 dry soil.

2.3. Data Analysis

In this study, all data passed normality and homogeneity of variance tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) post hoc tests were used to compare soil properties and microbial communities across different stand types within each sampling period. Two-way ANOVA was employed to dissect the individual and interactive effects of forest type, sampling period, and their interplay on edaphic properties and microbial assemblages. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to delineate relationships between soil microbial community composition and soil properties. All statistical tests were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

The expansion of Moso bamboo into adjacent forests has significantly altered soil physico-chemical properties. Specifically, Moso bamboo (PF) expanding into the evergreen broad-leaved forest (MF) significantly decreased NO3−-N by 3.26 mg kg−1 and SOC and TN by 28.83% and 13.24%, respectively, while considerably increasing soil NH4+-N by 11.43 mg kg−1, TP by 15.79%, and pH by 0.23 units (Table 1).
In contrast, Moso bamboo (PF) expanding into the coniferous forest (CF) significantly reduced SOC and TN by 36.18% and 16.54%, respectively, while significantly increasing soil pH by 0.35 units (Table 2). The conversion of CF to PF did not significantly affect soil TP, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N contents (Table 2).

3.2. Impacts of Moso Bamboo Encroachment on Soil Microbial Assemblages

During PF expansion into MF, soil total microbial biomass ranged from 7.82 to 12.61 nmol g−1, soil bacterial biomass ranged from 6.81 to 11.23 nmol g−1, soil fungal biomass ranged from 0.96 to 1.39 nmol g−1, and soil F:B ratio ranged from 0.12 to 0.15 across different forest types (Figure 1). Temporal variation apparently influenced total microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, and fungal biomass (Figure 1, Table 3). Moso bamboo expansion significantly increased total microbial biomass and bacterial biomass by 22.70% and 24.78%, respectively (Figure 1a,c, Table 3), but had no significant impact on fungal biomass (Figure 1b, Table 3), thereby significantly decreasing the soil F:B ratio (Figure 1d, Table 3). Soil sampling time and forest type exhibited no significant interactive effect on soil microbial biomass and community composition during PF expansion into MF (Table 3).
During PF expansion into CF, total soil microbial biomass exhibited values spanning from 7.08 to 14.06 nmol g−1, bacterial biomass exhibited values spanning from 6.27 to 12.79 nmol g−1, fungal biomass exhibited values spanning from 0.81 to 1.65 nmol g−1, and the F:B ratio exhibited values spanning from 0.12 to 0.16 across different forest types (Figure 2). Sampling time significantly affected total microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, and fungal biomass (Figure 2, Table 4). Moso bamboo expansion apparently increased fungal biomass by 40.41% (Figure 2c, Table 4) but had no significant effect on soil total microbial biomass or bacterial biomass, thereby significantly increasing the F:B ratio during the experimental time (Figure 2a,b,d, Table 4). Sampling time and forest type significantly interacted to affect total microbial biomass, fungal biomass, and bacterial biomass but not microbial community composition during PF expansion into CF (Table 4).

3.3. Relationship Between Soil Microbial Communities and Soil Properties

Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations between soil properties and microbial communities (Figure 3). Specifically, during PF expansion into MF, total soil microbial biomass and bacteria biomass were significantly negatively correlated with NO3−-N (r = −0.51, r = −0.50, respectively; p < 0.01) and SOC (r = −0.48, r = −0.50, respectively; p < 0.01), while fungal biomass was negatively correlated with NO3−-N (r = −0.44; p < 0.01) and TP (r = −0.37; p < 0.05) (Figure 3a). Conversely, the soil F:B ratio was positively correlated with SOC (r = 0.51; p < 0.01) (Figure 3a). In CF, PF expansion showed that soil microbial communities were primarily associated with soil pH and SOC. Specifically, fungal biomass exhibited a negative relationship with SOC (r = −0.34; p < 0.05) (Figure 3b), whereas bacterial biomass (r = −0.37; p < 0.05) and F:B ratio (r = 0.66; p < 0.01) showed apparent negative and positive correlations with soil pH (Figure 3b), respectively.

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of PF Expansion into MF on Soil Microbial Community Structure

Our first hypothesis is that PF expansion into MF promotes the formation of a bacterial-dominated soil food web. In line with the hypothesis, PF expansion into MF increased total soil microbial biomass and bacterial biomass, consequently shifting soil microbial community composition from fungal dominance to bacterial dominance (Figure 1). These results align with previous findings in temperate and subtropical forests, confirming that Moso bamboo expansion into evergreen broad-leaved forests promotes soil microbial biomass accumulation and alters community composition in these ecosystems [30,36,37]. Soil microbial biomass and community structure are primarily governed by soil carbon substrates and nutrient availability in forest ecosystems [6,38]. Our study showed that PF expansion into MF significantly decreased SOC, TN, and soil NO3−-N content (Table 1) while increasing soil NH4+-N concentration and pH; these findings are consistent with those of Song et al. (2016) and Zou et al. (2020) [26,39], who reported that Moso bamboo expansion reduces litter production and decomposition in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, thereby decreasing organic acid input and soil nitrogen net nitrification and mineralization rates [26,39]. In subtropical forests, aboveground plants supply carbon and nutrients to soil microbes via litter and root exudates. Reduced exogenous carbon input may trigger a microbial shift from fungal to bacterial dominance (especially oligotrophic bacterial that are adept at secreting chitin-degrading enzymes), promoting bacterial mineralization of soil organic carbon to acquire nutrients [40]. Indeed, the negative correlation (p < 0.05) between SOC and bacterial biomass in our study (Figure 3) suggests that decreased SOC likely drove the increase in bacterial biomass during PF expansion into MF.
Additionally, inorganic nitrogen profoundly influences microbial community structure: moderate levels promote microbial growth, whereas excessive concentration can be toxic [38]. The significant decrease in soil NO3−-N during PF expansion into MF, coupled with the negative correlation (p < 0.01) between bacterial biomass and NO3−-N (Figure 3), implies that reduced NO3−-N alleviates “toxicity” or osmotic stress to microbes, thereby enhancing microbial biomass, primarily due to bacterial proliferation [41]. This aligns with Wan et al. (2019; 2022), who reported increased microbial biomass following reduced soil inorganic nitrogen [10,42].
Notably, because soil fungi exhibit higher carbon use efficiency than bacteria, the decreased F:B ratio suggests that Moso bamboo expansion into broad-leaved forests may further suppress litter decomposition and deplete soil organic carbon, as previously documented [43]. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PF expansion into MF reduces the availability of soil carbon and inorganic nitrogen by decreasing the exogenous organic matter input and promotes the formation of a bacteria-dominated food web, thereby increasing microbial biomass and, ultimately, influencing forest ecosystem structure and function.

4.2. Effect of PF Encroachment into CF on Soil Microbial Community Structure

The second hypothesis we proposed is that PF encroachment into CF fosters fungal dominance. Consistent with the hypothesis, PF expansion into CF apparently promoted fungal dominance and the F:B ratio, while having negligible effects on bacterial and total microbial biomass (Figure 2, Table 4). Our observation partially contrasts with previous studies. For example, Lin et al. (2014) reported increased soil bacterial diversity following Moso bamboo expansion into cedar forests [17], whereas Fang et al. (2022) observed reduced bacteria and enhanced fungi during Moso bamboo invasion of Japanese cedar forests in Lushan Mountain [5]. These inconsistent findings underscore the context-sensitive modulation of soil microbial biomass and composition by Moso bamboo encroachment into coniferous forests, which varies across vegetation types, sampling locations, and other determinants.
Soil pH is a well-recognized regulator of microbial communities, and studies have shown that Moso bamboo expansion in coniferous forests elevates soil pH, thereby promoting fungal biomass and diversity [5,21]. Accordingly, the increased F:B ratio during PF expansion into CF may partly result from elevated soil pH, a hypothesis supported by our finding that soil pH was positively correlated (p < 0.001) with the F:B ratio and negatively correlated with bacteria biomass (Figure 3).
Notably, although Moso bamboo litter has a lower C:N ration than coniferous litter, PF expansion into CF significantly decreased SOC and TN (Table 2). This contradiction may be attributed to reduced understory plant input due to Moso bamboo shading, as understory vegetation typically contributes high-quality litter [5]. The negative correlation (p < 0.05) between SOC and fungal biomass (Figure 3) suggests that decreased carbon input accelerates organic matter decomposition via fungal-mediated processes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PF expansion into CF leads to the formation of a fungus-dominated food web by reducing soil carbon and nitrogen input driven by the decreased input of understory plant litter, as well as increasing soil pH, underscoring the importance of context-dependent mechanisms in mediating the effects of Moso bamboo expansion.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, Moso bamboo expansion into neighboring forests exerts highly contrasting controls on soil microbial biomass and composition. Specifically, MF expansion into PF increased soil bacterial and total microbial biomass, while decreasing the F:B ratio, driven by reduced SOC and soil inorganic nitrogen concentration. Conversely, MF expansion into CF significantly increased fungal biomass and the F:B ratio, attributed to alleviated soil acidification and decreased SOC. Overall, our observations provide a theoretical basis for understanding soil microbial responses to Moso bamboo expansion into contrasting adjacent forests. These findings highlight the need to consider context-dependent soil microbial responses in managing Moso bamboo expansion across subtropical ecosystems. In addition, given the limitations of the sampling sites in this study and the fact that the space-for-time substitution method used to infer the long-term effects of vegetation succession may fail to fully capture the impacts of nonlinear changes over time or historical contingencies (such as extreme climate events), it is suggested that further research should be conducted across a larger spatial scale (e.g., different climate zones) by combining long-term fixed-point observation and including more vegetation types so as to verify the universality of the “forest type-dependent responses” triggered by Moso bamboo expansion.

Author Contributions

S.W. conceived and designed the experimental framework; R.L. (Rong Lin), W.L., F.K., J.Z., and M.W. conducted field sampling and laboratory measurements; R.L. (Rong Lin) and J.L. performed statistical analyses and interpreted the results; S.W. and R.L. (Rong Lin) drafted the initial manuscript. S.W. and R.L. (Rui Li) wrote the final article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC; grants 42467030, 32060267) and the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (grants 20242BAB23065).

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Xu, Q.-F.; Liang, C.-F.; Chen, J.-H.; Li, Y.-C.; Qin, H.; Fuhrmann, J.J. Rapid Bamboo Invasion (Expansion) and Its Effects on Biodiversity and Soil Processes. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2020, 21, e00787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Grayston, S.J.; Campbell, C.D.; Bardgett, R.D.; Mawdsley, J.L.; Clegg, C.D.; Ritz, K.; Griffiths, B.S.; Rodwell, J.S.; Edwards, S.J.; Davies, W.J.; et al. Assessing Shifts in Microbial Community Structure across a Range of Grasslands of Differing Management Intensity Using CLPP, PLFA and Community DNA Techniques. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2004, 25, 63–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Merilä, P.; Malmivaara-Lämsä, M.; Spetz, P.; Stark, S.; Vierikko, K.; Derome, J.; Fritze, H. Soil Organic Matter Quality as a Link between Microbial Community Structure and Vegetation Composition along a Successional Gradient in a Boreal Forest. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2010, 46, 259–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Wan, S.; Fu, S.; Zhang, C.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Mao, R. Effects of Understory Removal and Litter Addition on Leaf and Twig Decomposition in a Subtropical Chinese Fir Plantation. Land Degrad. Dev. 2021, 32, 5004–5011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Fang, H.; Liu, Y.; Bai, J.; Li, A.; Deng, W.; Bai, T.; Liu, X.; Lai, M.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, J.; et al. Impact of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Expansion into Japanese Cedar Plantations on Soil Fungal and Bacterial Community Compositions. Forests 2022, 13, 1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Qiu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Mao, R.; Chen, F.; Liu, J.; Yang, G.; Wan, S. Understory Removal Accelerates Nucleic Phosphorus Release but Retards Residual Phosphorus Release in Decomposing Litter of Phyllostachys edulis in Subtropical China. Land. Degrad. Dev. 2021, 32, 2695–2703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. van der Heijden, M.G.A.; Bardgett, R.D.; van Straalen, N.M. The Unseen Majority: Soil Microbes as Drivers of Plant Diversity and Productivity in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 2008, 11, 296–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Pan, Q.; Zheng, H.; Wang, Z.-H.; Wen, Z.; Yang, Y.-Z. Effects of Plant Functional Traits on Ecosystem Services: A Review. Chin. J. Plant Ecol. 2021, 45, 1140–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Cornwell, W.K.; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Amatangelo, K.; Dorrepaal, E.; Eviner, V.T.; Godoy, O.; Hobbie, S.E.; Hoorens, B.; Kurokawa, H.; Pérez-Harguindeguy, N.; et al. Plant Species Traits Are the Predominant Control on Litter Decomposition Rates within Biomes Worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 2008, 11, 1065–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Wan, X.; Yu, Z.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Lucas-Borja, M.E.; Huang, Z. Functional Trait Variation and Community-Weighted Means of Tree Traits Can Alter Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Composition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2022, 170, 108715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Matsuo, T.; van der Sande, M.T.; Amissah, L.; Dabo, J.; Mohammed Abdul, S.; Poorter, L. Herbaceous Species and Dry Forest Species Have More Acquisitive Leaf Traits than Woody Species and Wet Forest Species. Funct. Ecol. 2024, 38, 194–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Cao, T.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Li, Q.; Fang, Y.; Luo, Y.; Duan, C.; Chen, Q.; Song, X.; Tian, X. Enlarging Interface Reverses the Dominance of Fungi over Bacteria in Litter Decomposition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2024, 198, 109543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Yu, J.-M.; Wu, F.-Z.; Ji, Y.; Xia, J.; Wei, S.-Y.; Yuan, C.-X.; Peng, Y.; Ni, X.-Y.; Yue, K. Global Patterns and Influencing Factors of Initial Concentrations of Phenols in Plant Litter. Chin. J. Plant Ecol. 2023, 47, 608–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Negesse, Z.; Pan, K.; Guadie, A.; Justine, M.F.; Azene, B.; Pandey, B.; Wu, X.; Sun, X.; Zhang, L. Plant Invasions Alter Soil Biota and Microbial Activities: A Global Meta-Analysis. Plant Soil 2025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Braun, K.; Collantes, M.B.; Yahdjian, L.; Escartin, C.; Anchorena, J.A. Increased Litter Decomposition Rates of Exotic Invasive Species Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) in Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Plant Ecol. 2019, 220, 393–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. He, Y.; Fan, F.; Zhang, Y.; Jia, B.; Siemann, E.; Lu, X. Plant Invasion Affects Litter Decomposition Differently in Native and Invasive Plant Conditioned Soils. Plant Soil 2024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Lin, Y.-T.; Tang, S.-L.; Pai, C.-W.; Whitman, W.B.; Coleman, D.C.; Chiu, C.-Y. Changes in the Soil Bacterial Communities in a Cedar Plantation Invaded by Moso Bamboo. Microb. Ecol. 2014, 67, 421–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Guo, X.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Meng, M.; Biswas, S.R.; Ye, L.; Zhang, J. Effects of Land Use Change on the Composition of Soil Microbial Communities in a Managed Subtropical Forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2016, 373, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Liu, X.; Siemann, E.; Cui, C.; Liu, Y.; Guo, X.; Zhang, L. Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Invasion Effects on Litter, Soil and Microbial PLFA Characteristics Depend on Sites and Invaded Forests. Plant Soil 2019, 438, 85–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Luan, L.; Liang, C.; Chen, L.; Wang, H.; Xu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Sun, B. Coupling Bacterial Community Assembly to Microbial Metabolism across Soil Profiles. mSystems 2020, 5, e00298-20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Wu, Y.; Guo, J.; Tang, Z.; Wang, T.; Li, W.; Wang, X.; Cui, H.; Hu, X.; Qi, L. Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Expansion Enhances Soil pH and Alters Soil Nutrients and Microbial Communities. Sci. Total Environ. 2024, 912, 169346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Li, Z.; Tian, D.; Wang, B.; Wang, J.; Wang, S.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Xu, X.; Wang, C.; He, N.; Niu, S. Microbes Drive Global Soil Nitrogen Mineralization and Availability. Glob. Change Biol. 2019, 25, 1078–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Liu, C.; Zhou, Y.; Qin, H.; Liang, C.; Shao, S.; Fuhrmann, J.J.; Chen, J.; Xu, Q. Moso Bamboo Invasion Has Contrasting Effects on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Abundances, Co-Occurrence Networks and Their Associations with Enzyme Activities in Three Broadleaved Forests across Subtropical China. For. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 498, 119549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Larpkern, P.; Moe, S.R.; Totland, Ø. Bamboo Dominance Reduces Tree Regeneration in a Disturbed Tropical Forest. Oecologia 2011, 165, 161–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Pan, J.; Liu, Y.; Niu, J.; Fang, H.; Feng, Y.; Bai, T.; Zhang, M.; Deng, W.; Siemann, E.; Zhang, L. Moso Bamboo Expansion Reduced Soil N2O Emissions While Accelerated Fine Root Litter Decomposition: Contrasting Non-Additive Effects. Plant Soil 2024, 501, 7–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Song, Q.; Ouyang, M.; Yang, Q.; Lu, H.; Yang, G.; Chen, F.; Shi, J.-M. Degradation of Litter Quality and Decline of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization after Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubscens) Expansion to Neighboring Broadleaved Forest in Subtropical China. Plant Soil 2016, 404, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Liu, J.; Compson, Z.G.; Gui, X.; Yang, Q.; Song, Q.; Huang, D.; Ren, Z.; Luan, F. Weak Responses of Soil Microorganisms to Leaf Litter Inputs after Native Phyllostachys edulis Invasion into Adjacent Native Forests. Plant Soil 2024, 494, 685–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Sun, H.; Hu, W.; Dai, Y.; Ai, L.; Wu, M.; Hu, J.; Zuo, Z.; Li, M.; Yang, H.; Ma, J. Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houzeau) Invasion Affects Soil Microbial Communities in Adjacent Planted Forests in the Lijiang River Basin, China. Front. Microbiol. 2023, 14, 1111498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Chang, E.-H.; Chiu, C.-Y. Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure and Activity in a Cedar Plantation Invaded by Moso Bamboo. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2015, 91, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Xu, Q.-F.; Jiang, P.-K.; Wu, J.-S.; Zhou, G.-M.; Shen, R.-F.; Fuhrmann, J.J. Bamboo Invasion of Native Broadleaf Forest Modified Soil Microbial Communities and Diversity. Biol. Invasions 2015, 17, 433–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Shao, S.; He, H.; Liang, C.; Chen, J.; Qin, H.; Wang, S.; Wang, Z.; Li, Y.; Jia, W.; Zheng, X.; et al. Moso Bamboo Expansion into a Broadleaved Forest Alters the Dominant Soil Organic Carbon Source. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2023, 74, e13366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kang, P.; Pan, Y.; Yang, P.; Hu, J.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, Y.; Ding, X.; Yan, X. A Comparison of Microbial Composition under Three Tree Ecosystems Using the Stochastic Process and Network Complexity Approaches. Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 1018077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Bossio, D.A.; Scow, K.M. Impacts of Carbon and Flooding on Soil Microbial Communities: Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles and Substrate Utilization Patterns. Microb. Ecol. 1998, 35, 265–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Frostegård, A.; Bååth, E. The Use of Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis to Estimate Bacterial and Fungal Biomass in Soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1996, 22, 59–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Guan, H.; Zhang, Y.; Mao, Q.; Zhong, B.; Chen, W.; Mo, J.; Wang, F.; Lu, X. Consistent Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Soil Microbial Communities across Three Successional Stages in Tropical Forest Ecosystems. CATENA 2023, 227, 107116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Liu, C.; Zheng, C.; Wang, L.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Q.; Shao, S.; Qin, H.; Xu, Q.; Liang, C.; Chen, J. Moso Bamboo Invasion Changes the Assembly Process and Interactive Relationship of Soil Microbial Communities in a Subtropical Broadleaf Forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2023, 536, 120901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Wang, X.; Sasaki, A.; Toda, M.; Nakatsubo, T. Changes in Soil Microbial Community and Activity in Warm Temperate Forests Invaded by Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). J. For. Res. 2016, 21, 235–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Xiao, Y.; Xu, J.; Zhou, B.; Li, K.; Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Wan, S. Contrasting Effect of Thinning and Understory Removal on Soil Microbial Communities in a Subtropical Moso Bamboo Plantation. Forests 2022, 13, 1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zou, N.; Shi, W.; Hou, L.; Kronzucker, H.J.; Huang, L.; Gu, H.; Yang, Q.; Deng, G.; Yang, G. Superior Growth, N Uptake and NH4+ Tolerance in the Giant Bamboo Phyllostachys edulis over the Broad-Leaved Tree Castanopsis fargesii at Elevated NH4+ May Underlie Community Succession and Favor the Expansion of Bamboo. Tree Physiol. 2020, 40, 1606–1622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. He, Y.L.; Qi, Y.C.; Peng, Q.; Dong, Y.S.; Guo, S.F.; Yan, Z.Q.; Wang, L.Q.; Li, Z.L. Effects of Exogenous Carbon Input on Key Processes of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Cycling and the Microbiological Driving Mechanisms. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2017, 37, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Cheng, M.S.; Zou, N. Research Progress on the Impact of Phyllostachys pubescens Expansion on Forest Ecosystems and Its Management. J. Jianghan Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2021, 49, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wan, S.; Liu, Z.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, J.; Ying, Q.; Liu, J. Effects of Lime Application and Understory Removal on Soil Microbial Communities in Subtropical Eucalyptus L’Hér. Plantations. Forests 2019, 10, 338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Bailey, V.L.; Smith, J.L.; Bolton, H. Fungal-to-Bacterial Ratios in Soils Investigated for Enhanced C Sequestration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2002, 34, 997–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Forests 16 01188 g001
Figure 1. Soil microbial biomass (indicated by PLFAs) and communities (indicated by F:B ratio) at 0–10 cm depth across different forest types during PF expansion into MF. (a) soil total PLFAs as affected by moso bamboo expansion among sampling times; (b) soil fungal PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (c) soil bacterial PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (d) F:B ratio as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times. MF: original evergreen broad-leaved forest, MPF: Moso bamboo–broad-leaved mixed forest, PF: Moso bamboo forest. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 4). Within each sampling period, means denoted by different lowercase letters are apparently different among forest types (LSD test, p < 0.05). Significant differences in uppercase letters among sampling periods indicates temporal variations (LSD test, p < 0.05).
Figure 1. Soil microbial biomass (indicated by PLFAs) and communities (indicated by F:B ratio) at 0–10 cm depth across different forest types during PF expansion into MF. (a) soil total PLFAs as affected by moso bamboo expansion among sampling times; (b) soil fungal PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (c) soil bacterial PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (d) F:B ratio as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times. MF: original evergreen broad-leaved forest, MPF: Moso bamboo–broad-leaved mixed forest, PF: Moso bamboo forest. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 4). Within each sampling period, means denoted by different lowercase letters are apparently different among forest types (LSD test, p < 0.05). Significant differences in uppercase letters among sampling periods indicates temporal variations (LSD test, p < 0.05).
Forests 16 01188 g001
Forests 16 01188 g002
Figure 2. Soil microbial biomass (indicated by PLFAs) and communities (indicated by F:B ratio) at 0–10 cm depth across forest types during PF expansion into CF. (a) soil total PLFAs as affected by moso bamboo expansion among sampling times; (b) soil fungal PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (c) soil bacterial PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (d) F:B ratio as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times. CF: original coniferous forest, CPF: Moso bamboo–coniferous mixed forest, PF: Moso bamboo forest. Within each sampling period, means denoted by different lowercase letters are apparently different among forest types (LSD test, p < 0.05). Significant difference in uppercase letters among sampling periods indicates temporal variations (LSD test, p < 0.05).
Figure 2. Soil microbial biomass (indicated by PLFAs) and communities (indicated by F:B ratio) at 0–10 cm depth across forest types during PF expansion into CF. (a) soil total PLFAs as affected by moso bamboo expansion among sampling times; (b) soil fungal PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (c) soil bacterial PLFAs as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times; (d) F:B ratio as affected by moso bamm expansion among sampling times. CF: original coniferous forest, CPF: Moso bamboo–coniferous mixed forest, PF: Moso bamboo forest. Within each sampling period, means denoted by different lowercase letters are apparently different among forest types (LSD test, p < 0.05). Significant difference in uppercase letters among sampling periods indicates temporal variations (LSD test, p < 0.05).
Forests 16 01188 g002
Forests 16 01188 g003
Figure 3. Correlation matrices of soil microbial communities and soil properties during PF expansion into MF (a) and CF (b), respectively. See Table 1 and Table 2 for abbreviations notes. Darker and lighter circles denote negative and positive correlations, respectively. Significant correlations are indicated at the p < 0.05 level.
Figure 3. Correlation matrices of soil microbial communities and soil properties during PF expansion into MF (a) and CF (b), respectively. See Table 1 and Table 2 for abbreviations notes. Darker and lighter circles denote negative and positive correlations, respectively. Significant correlations are indicated at the p < 0.05 level.
Forests 16 01188 g003
Table 1. Soil physico-chemical properties at 0–10 cm depth in different forest types during PF expanding to MF.
Table 1. Soil physico-chemical properties at 0–10 cm depth in different forest types during PF expanding to MF.
pHNH4+-N (mg kg−1)NO3−-N (mg kg−1)SOC (g kg−1)TN (g kg−1)TP (g kg−1)
MF4.76 ± 0.03 b9.02 ± 0.04 b17.50 ± 0.97 a67.11 ± 3.01 a3.55 ± 0.07 a0.57 ± 0.01 b
MPF5.05 ± 0.03 a18.28 ± 1.32 a14.61 ± 0.65 b61.41 ± 1.59 a3.54 ± 0.08 a0.61 ± 0.02 ab
PF4.99 ± 0.02 a20.45 ± 2.17 a14.24 ± 0.49 b47.76 ± 1.70 b3.08 ± 0.13 b0.66 ± 0.02 a
Note: MF, original evergreen broad-leaved forest; MPF, Moso bamboo–broad-leaved mixed forest; PF, Moso bamboo forest. Abbreviations: SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total soil nitrogen content; TP, total soil phosphorus content. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 4). Within each column, values followed by different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) among forest types, as determined by one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD tests.
Table 2. Soil physico-chemical properties at 0–10 cm depth in different forest types during PF expanding to CF.
Table 2. Soil physico-chemical properties at 0–10 cm depth in different forest types during PF expanding to CF.
pHNH4+-N (mg kg−1)NO3−-N (mg kg−1)SOC (g kg−1)TN (g kg−1)TP (g kg−1)
CF4.79 ± 0.04 b15.68 ± 2.79 a13.22 ± 0.57 a79.50 ± 3.26 a3.99 ± 0.28 a0.64 ± 0.01 a
CPF4.76 ± 0.04 b11.21 ± 2.17 a14.13 ± 1.05 a52.60 ± 2.22 b2.92 ± 0.17 b0.68 ± 0.02 a
PF5.14 ± 0.04 a16.74 ± 2.71 a14.77 ± 0.67 a50.74 ± 1.93 b3.33 ± 0.19 b0.65 ± 0.01 a
Note: CF, original coniferous forest; CPF, Moso bamboo–coniferous mixed forest; PF, Moso bamboo forest. See Table 1 for abbreviations notes. Within each column, values followed by different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) among forest types, as determined by one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD tests.
Table 3. Soil microbial biomass and communities as affected by sampling time, forest type, and their combination during PF expansion into MF. Results are from two-way ANOVAs; values in table denote statistical significance.
Table 3. Soil microbial biomass and communities as affected by sampling time, forest type, and their combination during PF expansion into MF. Results are from two-way ANOVAs; values in table denote statistical significance.
VariablesTotal PLFAsFungal PLFAsBacterial PLFAsF:B
FpFpFpFp
Time17.537<0.0118.473<0.0115.973<0.011.2780.295
Forest type7.448<0.011.5230.2367.785<0.015.059<0.05
Time × forest type0.4630.7621.3010.2950.4010.8061.1910.337
Table 4. Soil microbial biomass and community as affected by sampling time, forest type, and their combination during PF expansion into CF. Results are from two-way ANOVAs; values in table denote statistical significance.
Table 4. Soil microbial biomass and community as affected by sampling time, forest type, and their combination during PF expansion into CF. Results are from two-way ANOVAs; values in table denote statistical significance.
VariablesTotal PLFAsFungal PLFAsBacterial PLFAsF:B
FpFpFpFp
Time15.65<0.0128.96<0.0112.434<0.012.150.136
Forest type1.5740.22633.622<0.011.2770.29513.114<0.01
Time × forest type5.446<0.013.478<0.054.89<0.052.3050.084
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, R.; Long, W.; Kong, F.; Zhu, J.; Wang, M.; Liu, J.; Li, R.; Wan, S. Contrasting Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests on Soil Microbial Communities. Forests 2025, 16, 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071188

AMA Style

Lin R, Long W, Kong F, Zhu J, Wang M, Liu J, Li R, Wan S. Contrasting Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests on Soil Microbial Communities. Forests. 2025; 16(7):1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071188

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Rong, Wenjie Long, Fanqian Kong, Juanjuan Zhu, Miaomiao Wang, Juan Liu, Rui Li, and Songze Wan. 2025. "Contrasting Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests on Soil Microbial Communities" Forests 16, no. 7: 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071188

APA Style

Lin, R., Long, W., Kong, F., Zhu, J., Wang, M., Liu, J., Li, R., & Wan, S. (2025). Contrasting Effects of Moso Bamboo Expansion into Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests on Soil Microbial Communities. Forests, 16(7), 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071188

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop