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Article

Probabilistic Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Scrimber

by
Wencheng Lei
1,2,
Changping Zhou
3,
Yulan Zhu
3,
Sidong Wang
4,
Yao Xia
1,
Yuxin Yang
1,
Yahui Zhang
1,2,
Shaodi Zhang
1,2,* and
Wenji Yu
1,2
1
Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2
China National Academy of Bamboo Industry, Huzhou 313300, China
3
Anji County Forestry Bureau, Huzhou 313300, China
4
College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100091, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2025, 16(6), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060916
Submission received: 29 April 2025 / Revised: 26 May 2025 / Accepted: 29 May 2025 / Published: 30 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Enhancement of Wood Mechanical and Chemical Properties, 2nd Edition)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Bamboo scrimber (BS) has been emerging as a promising construction material prepared from natural bamboo due to its high mechanical strength. However, the variability of the properties of bamboo scrimber is large, which limits the reliability assessment of bamboo scrimber in engineering applications. In this study, the variability of mechanical properties and dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber prepared by units pretreated at different temperatures (denoted as BS-150 and BS-200 for 150 °C and 200 °C, respectively) were compared and probabilistically analyzed using normal, lognormal, and Weibull distribution models. The results showed that BS-200 had a significantly lower thickness swelling rate (TSR), modulus of rupture (MOR) and shear strength (SS), with the modulus of elasticity (MOE) remaining essentially unchanged compared to BS-150. Probabilistic analysis revealed that the MOR, MOE, and TSR of BS-150 followed a lognormally distribution, and the shear strength was normally distributed. In contrast, the MOR, MOE, SS, and TSR of BS-200 all exhibited lognormal distributions. Meanwhile, the variability in TSR and SS for BS-200 was significantly reduced. The results provide a data base for the engineering application of bamboo scrimber and a new research idea for the evaluation of properties of forest biomass-based materials based on probabilistic analysis.

1. Introduction

Developing a low-carbon and sustainable society has been widely recognized upon the increasing emission of greenhouse gases. Constructions and buildings account for about 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions worldwide [1], which highlights the requirement for green biomass-based construction materials [2]. Bamboo has the advantages of high strength [3], high yield, and sustainability [4], which make it an ideal construction and engineering material [5,6]. Bamboo scrimber fabricated from oriented bamboo fiber mat (OBFM) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin exhibits exceptional physical and mechanical properties, a raw material utilization rate of up to 90%, and environmentally friendly characteristics [7]. It has been widely used in interior decoration and outdoor construction, and has shown great potential for further development in the fields of traffic guardrails and wind power blades [8].
Bamboo is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, along with some starch and extracts. These components are rich in hygroscopic groups, including hydroxyl groups from amorphous regions of cellulose and hemicelluloses, and carboxyl groups from hemicelluloses, which endows bamboo with hygroscopicity [9]. When exposed to the outdoor environment, these components degrade under UV radiation and microbial activity, resulting in surface cracking and pore formation [10,11]. Moisture and water enter in/evaporate from the inner structure of bamboo cells and cause swelling or shrinkage, reducing its dimensional stability and durability [12]. Therefore, the industry always pretreats the OBFM by using saturated steam or hot oil (i.e., heat treatment) before impregnating the resin and hot press to enhance the dimensional stability and service life of bamboo scrimber [13,14,15,16]. Upon pretreatment, there is an overall decreasing trend in the content of hemicelluloses, and the relative content of extracts and lignin increases [17]. The content of surface hydroxyl groups and hydrogen bonds decreases. Microscopically, cracks appear in the cell wall and intercellular layer of parenchyma, the striated pores on the walls of the conduits become larger, and the starch granules are significantly reduced and smaller, but the morphology of fiber cells remains basically unchanged [18]. The partial degradation of chemical components and microstructural cracking can lead to an increase in dimensional stability and durability.
As a non-homogeneous composite material, bamboo scrimber exhibits inherent variability in properties, which originates from the anisotropy of bamboo, the differences in the preparation process of the OBFM, the non-uniformity of the adhesive distribution, and the uneven heat transfer during the hot-pressing process [19]. This variability necessitates reliability analysis to ensure safe and efficient engineering applications [20]. Unlike homogeneous materials, biomass composites often display non-normal strength distributions, making probabilistic models essential for predicting failure risks and establishing design values [19,21]. Reliability analysis quantifies uncertainty, identifies critical failure modes, and ensures compliance with safety standards, which are vital for structural applications where underestimating variability could lead to catastrophic failures [22]. Although the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber have been extensively investigated [14,23], the reliability assessment of these properties remains unaddressed, which severely obstructs the application of bamboo scrimber in engineering fields.
In this study, bamboo scrimber was prepared using OBFMs pretreated at two different temperatures (150 °C and 200 °C), which is consistent with practical industrial production [24]. Their mechanical properties and dimensional stability were systematically evaluated and compared. Most importantly, the probabilistic distributions of these bamboo scrimbers were investigated using normal, lognormal, and Weibull distribution models. This study will provide data support and technical guidance for the application of bamboo scrimber in constructions and buildings.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Oriented bamboo fiber mats (OBFMs) were obtained from Sichuan Huasheng Bamboo Industry Co., Ltd. (Luzhou, China). Five-year-old moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with air-dried density of 0.6 g/cm3 was sawn into bamboo slivers then mechanically disintegrated into OBFM with width of 75–90 mm, thickness of 9–11 mm.
Low-Molecular phenol-formaldehyde resin: characterized by a solid content of 52.41%, viscosity of 70 centipoise (cps) at 25 °C, pH of 9.81, specific gravity of 1.187, water solubility greater than 20 at 25 °C, free phenol content of 2.46%, and free aldehyde content of 0.20%, supplied by Taier Adhesives (Guangzhou, China.) Co., Ltd.

2.2. Pretreatment of OBFM

OBFM was first cut into 450 mm length samples and dried in a 60 ± 3 °C oven until it reached a moisture content of 10%. The OBFM was then placed in a homemade kiln (1000 mm × 1200 mm × 800 mm, length × width × height) for pretreatment. The treatment was carried out according to established research [13,25], using low temperature (150 °C) and high temperature (200 °C). And the medium was superheated steam. The oxygen content in the oven was measured using an integrated type zirconia oxygen humidity Analyzer (ZR202G YOKOGAWA, Tokyo, Japan). The pretreatment process consisted of three stages: heating stage (2 h, heating rate of 1~1.5 °C/min), holding stage (5 h), and cooling stage (1 h). The specific pretreatment processes are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. After natural cooling process, the pretreated OBFM was removed from the kiln when the temperature in the kiln was reduced to 50 °C. The OBFMs treated at 150 °C and 200 °C were defined as OBFM-150 and OBFM-200, respectively. The mass losses of OBFM-150 and OBFM-200 were 5.3% and 12.5%, respectively.

2.3. Preparation of Bamboo Scrimber

First, the pretreated OBFMs were immersed in a 15% solid content PF resin until the target resin content (15%) was achieved. Then, the resin-impregnated OBFMs were dried in a 60 °C oven until reaching a moisture content of 10%. After that, a certain amount of OBFM was weighed and assembled in the mold in reference to the target density. In this work, the design density of the samples was 1.2 g/cm3. The layup followed a symmetrical principle, with the outer surface of the bamboo facing outward (bamboo green side) and the inner surface facing inward (bamboo yellow side). Finally, the assembly was then placed into a mold for hot pressing. The hot-pressing temperature was maintained at 150 °C, the mold dimensions were 450 mm × 160 mm × 20 mm (length × width × thickness), the hot-pressing pressure was 20 MPa, and the hot-pressing time was 20 min. Bamboo srimbers prepared by OBFM-150 and OBFM-200 are denoted as BS-150 and BS-200, respectively. The density distributions of BS-150 and BS-200 are illustrated in Figure 1.

2.4. Chemical Compositions

Bamboo samples were ground into powder and sieved through a 200-mesh screen. The powder samples were then dried to a constant weight in a vacuum oven at 50 °C and mixed with KBr powder at a ratio of 1:100. FTIR analysis was conducted using a Ni-colet IS10 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with the following parameters: scanning range of 400–4000 cm−1, resolution of 4 cm−1, signal-to-noise ratio of 50,000:1, and 64 scans. The chemical compositions of bamboo samples were determined by Van Soest method [26].

2.5. Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability Test

The mechanical properties (bending and shear resistance) and dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber were tested according to the national standard GB/T 17657-2022 [27] “Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties of Wood-Based Panels and Decorative Panels” (which is in accordance with ISO 14486 standard). Specimens with dimensions of 350 mm × 50 mm × 15 mm (length × width × thickness), 90 mm × 40 mm × 15 mm (length × width × thickness), and 50 mm × 50 mm × 15 mm (length × width × thickness) were used for bending strength, shear strength, and dimension stability test, respectively. At least two hundred replicates were used for each test. The bending and shear strength were tested using the three-point bending method (Figure 2a,b,d), with a loading speed of 10 mm/min. The dimensional stability was assessed using the 28 h cyclic method (boiled for 4 h, dried in a 60 °C oven for 20 h, and then boiled for another 4 h), as shown in Figure 2c.

2.6. Probabilistic Analysis

Firstly, statistical tests were performed to identify outliers in the data. The Grubbs test was used to assess the consistency of mean values and eliminate outliers. Subsequently, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine whether significant differences existed among the mean values of different test groups. When the variance homogeneity assumption was satisfied, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method was used for pairwise comparisons of group means (p < 0.05). Letter marking method is to clearly identify the significant difference relationship between the groups through the letter assignment rule: when the p-value of one-way ANOVA between the two groups is less than 0.05, it means that there is a significant difference, and the letter marking of the two groups is different; when the p-value of one-way ANOVA between the two groups is greater than 0.05, it means that the difference between the two groups is not significant, and the letter marking of the two groups is the same.
The optimal probabilistic distribution models for the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the bamboo scrimber were determined by fitting the data to three distributions: normal, lognormal, and 2-Parameter Weibull, as described in our previous study [28]. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test was used to evaluate the goodness of fit and identify the best distribution. For performance prediction of materials, regression analysis was applied. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to assess the fit of the regression equation, while the F-test was employed to evaluate the significance of the relationship. The t-test was used to determine the significance of the regression coefficients. The significance level for all statistical analyses was set at 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemical Composition

Pretreatment at high temperature induces changes in the chemical components of bamboo, which will further affect the mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber. Chemical compositions of untreated bamboo and pretreated OBFMs were first analyzed. As shown in Figure 3a, the cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin contents of untreated bamboo were 48.4%, 23.7%, and 27.9%, respectively. Upon pretreatment, the relative content of hemicelluloses in OBFM-150 and OBFM-200 decreased by 5.1% and 20.3%, respectively, while their lignin content increased 17%~19%, consistent with previous reports [29]. This phenomenon should be ascribed mainly to the decomposition of hemicelluloses, which degrade easily under high temperature [30]. In the meantime, some decomposition products from hemicelluloses (e.g., furans) could participate in the condensation reaction of lignin, resulting in increased lignin content [31]. OBFM-200 showed less hemicelluloses and more lignin than OBFM-150, indicating that the higher temperature accelerated the degradation and condensation process.
Infrared spectroscopy analysis can be used to determine the chemical structure of bamboo samples [32]. As evidenced by the significant weakening of the C=O characteristic peak at 1730 cm−1 for OBFM-150 and OBFM-200 (Figure 3b), the thermal decomposition of acetyl groups in hemicelluloses occurred and led to a reduction in its relative content [33]. The reduction in peak intensity at 1230 cm−1 could typically be attributed to the decrease in acetyl groups [34]. Further, a notable decline in the intensity of infrared peaks at 899 cm−1 indicated the opening reaction of sugar rings from hemicelluloses and cellulose [35]. The decline is more pronounced for OBFM-200, suggesting that high-temperature pretreatment affected polysaccharides more severely. The broad band at 3000–3750 cm−1 represents hydroxyl groups within the sample. Pretreatment reduced the peak intensity of bamboo, with OBFM-200 showing the lowest intensity, suggesting the significantly reduced amount of free hydroxyl groups.

3.2. Bending Properties

To compare the mechanical properties of bamboo scrimbers with different densities, the samples were divided into four groups based on their exact density, i.e., 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25 g/cm3. The bending strength of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities is illustrated in Figure 4. Within the density range of this experiment (1.10–1.25 g/cm3), the MORs of BS-200 were all significantly lower than those of BS-150. Compared to BS-150, the MORs of BS-200 decreased by 37.69% to 43.57% within the density range of 1.10–1.25 g/cm3. The maximum reduction in bending strength was observed at a density of 1.15 g/cm3. The lower bending strength of BS-200 compared to BS-150 was probably owing to the severe degradation of hemicelluloses and cellulose, as proved by previous research [13]. Under the same pretreatment conditions, the density was positively correlated with the bending strength of bamboo scrimber, which can be attributed to the degree of cellular compaction [36]. In general, the load-bearing capability of bamboo scrimber mainly depended on the structure and strength of fiber cells. Due to the increased densification degree of bamboo scrimber, the fiber cell content per unit of volume increased, resulting in high bending strength for these composites.
Figure 5 shows the elastic modulus of bamboo scrimber. The results indicate that the pretreatment temperature had no significant impact on the elastic modulus, with the difference between the two treatments consistently below 5% and BS-200 exhibiting a slightly larger value. This is consistent with a previous study, in which the bending modulus of thermal modified bamboo scrimber increased with temperature then decreased from 170 °C [14].
The load-displacement curves and failure modes of BS-150 and BS-200 are shown in Figure 6. The load increased rapidly during the initial stage of testing, and failure occurred after reaching the maximum load. BS-150 failed at a displacement of 17.37 mm, exhibiting a tensile failure mode on the surface with irregular and jagged cracks. In contrast, BS-200 failed at a displacement of 8.73 mm, displaying brittle fracture with nearly straight cracks. For lignocellulosic materials, decomposition of amorphous polysaccharides during high-temperature treatment is considered the main reason for increased brittleness [37]. This difference in failure modes is probably attributed to the lower degradation of hemicelluloses and the amorphous region of cellulose in BS-150, which retained higher toughness [16,38]. The chemical components analysis supported this conclusion. Therefore, BS-150 is suitable for applications requiring high mechanical strength, such as load-bearing walls.
The distribution of the MOR of BS150 and BS200 is shown in Figure 7. The results indicate that within the density range of 1.10–1.25 g/cm3, the static bending strength of bamboo scrimber ranged from 49.18 to 174.89 MPa, with a mean value of 111.26 MPa (standard deviation: 27.86 MPa, coefficient of variation: 25.04%). Specifically, the MOR of BS-150 ranged from 80.92 to 174.89 MPa (Figure 7a), with a mean value of 125.66 MPa (standard deviation: 19.20 MPa, coefficient of variation: 15.28%). In contrast, the MOR of BS-200 ranged from 49.18 to 120.09 MPa, with a mean value of 73.08 MPa (standard deviation: 13.62 MPa, coefficient of variation: 18.64%) (Figure 7b). The MOR data were fitted to three probabilistic distribution models: normal, lognormal, and Weibull (2-P-Weibull). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test was conducted. For BS-150, the K-S test statistics (D values) for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were 0.0611, 0.0599, and 0.086, respectively. For BS-200, the K-S test statistics (D values) for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were 0.1015, 0.0654, and 0.1327, respectively. Therefore, the lognormal distribution model was identified as the optimal fit for both BS-150 and BS-200.
The distribution of the MOE of bamboo scrimber is shown in Figure 8. Within the density range of 1.10–1.25 g/cm3, the MOE of bamboo scrimber ranged from 8937 to 17,410 MPa. Specifically, the MOE of BS-150 ranged from 8937 to 17,410 MPa, with a mean value of 12,929 MPa (standard deviation: 1913 MPa, coefficient of variation: 14.80%), while that of BS-200 ranged from 10,192 to 15,506 MPa, with a mean value of 13,237 MPa (standard deviation: 1359 MPa, coefficient of variation: 10.26%). For BS-150, the K-S test statistics (D values) for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were 0.0947, 0.0707, and 0.1223, respectively. At a significance level of α = 0.05, the critical value D (0.05) was 0.1035. Therefore, the lognormal distribution was identified as the optimal model for the elastic modulus of BS-150 (Figure 8). A similar analysis for BS-200 also revealed that the lognormal distribution was the optimal model for its MOE.

3.3. Shear Strength

Shear strength refers to the ability of a material to resist shear failure under shear force. Figure 9 illustrates the shear strength of different bamboo scrimber. At the same density, the shear strength of BS-200 was significantly lower than that of BS-150, with a reduction ranging from 34.03% to 37.83%. Specifically, at a density of 1.10 g/cm3, the shear strength of BS-150 was 16.31 MPa, while that of BS-200 was 10.14 MPa, representing the maximum reduction of 37.83%. At the pretreatment temperature of 200 °C, the hemicelluloses as binders in bamboo degraded, leading to a reduction in bonding between bamboo cells and subsequently the shear strength [39]. Also, the decomposition of hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose usually lead to a decrease in the hygroscopicity of pretreated OBFMs [40]. Low hygroscopicity could inhibit the wettability of the OBFM during resin impregnation. Consequently, the penetration of PF resin into the OBFM was inhibited, which could also contribute to the decreased shear strength [41].
Figure 10 shows the distribution of shear strength of different bamboo scrimbers. As shown in Figure 10a, BS-150 demonstrated superior mechanical performance, with a shear strength range of 10.29–24.48 MPa, a mean value of 17.58 MPa (standard deviation: 2.73 MPa), and a lower coefficient of variation of 15.50%, suggesting better stability (Figure 10a). In contrast, BS-200 exhibited a significant reduction in mechanical parameters, with a narrowed shear strength range of 7.36–16.98 MPa, a mean value of 11.28 MPa (standard deviation: 2.12 MPa), and a higher coefficient of variation of 18.80%, indicating increased variability (Figure 10b). This phenomenon could be attributed to the uneven distribution of PF resin in BS-200, which resulted in performance differences.
For BS-150, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) statistics for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were D = 0.0519, 0.0598, and 0.0610, respectively, all below the critical value of D227 (0.05) = 0.0901 (α = 0.05). The normal distribution exhibited the smallest D value (0.0519 < 0.0598 < 0.0610). For BS-200, the K-S statistics for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were D = 0.1170, 0.0836, and 0.1473, respectively, with the lognormal distribution demonstrating the best fit (0.0836 < 0.1170 < 0.1473). Therefore, the shear strengths of BS-150 and BS-200 follow normal distribution and lognormal distribution, respectively. This difference in distribution characteristics may be attributed to the interfacial modification mechanisms induced by pretreatment temperatures: low-temperature pretreatment results in a homogenized interfacial structure that aligns with the normal distribution assumption, while high-temperature pretreatment induces nonlinear damage evolution, leading to the lognormal distribution characteristics of shear strength. These findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting appropriate distribution models in the reliability analysis of bamboo scrimber materials.

3.4. Dimensional Stability

Water absorption thickness swelling rate was utilized as an indicator to evaluate the dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber. Figure 11 presents the water absorption thickness swelling rate (TSR) of bamboo scrimber. The TSR of BS-200 ranged from 6% to 8%, which was significantly lower than that of BS-150 (3% to 5%) at the same density, indicating superior dimensional stability. This improvement can be attributed to the substantial degradation of hygroscopic functional groups (e.g., hemicelluloses), as proved from FTIR spectra and chemical component analysis. Although the high pretreatment temperature disrupted the crystalline structure and led to the partial degradation and disordering of the amorphous region of cellulose, the degradation of hemicelluloses significantly reduced the number of hygroscopic functional groups in the material [42]. During the pretreatment process, decomposition products from polysaccharides could react with lignin, forming a cross-linked structure with water-proofing functions [31]. Also, pseudo lignin could be formed by the condensation of saccharides, which would enhance the hydrophobicity of cell walls [43], thus improving the dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber. Hence, BS-200 is appropriate for scenarios demanding good dimensional stability, e.g., the floor and furniture. With the increase in density, the TSR of both BS-150 and BS-200 decreased, mainly due to the reduced water entering channels caused by densification.
Figure 12 illustrates the distribution of water absorption thickness swelling rates of bamboo scrimber. For BS-150 (Figure 12a), the water absorption thickness swelling rate ranged from 1.28% to 22.92% (mean = 7.34%, standard deviation = 3.93%, coefficient of variation = 53.53%). In contrast, BS-200 exhibited significantly improved performance, with a narrower range of 1.30% to 12.50% (Figure 12b). Goodness-of-fit analysis using three probabilistic models revealed that the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) statistics for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were D = 0.0959, 0.0143, and 0.0756 (Figure 12c), respectively, all below the critical value of D391(0.05) = 0.0687 (α = 0.05). For BS-200, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) statistics for the normal, lognormal, and Weibull distributions were D = 0.123, 0.081, and 0.094 (Figure 12c), respectively. Therefore, the lognormal distribution demonstrated the best fit (0.0143 < 0.0687) for both groups, indicating that the water absorption TSR of bamboo scrimber follows a lognormal distribution. This distribution characteristic provides a theoretical basis for modeling and predicting the dimensional stability of bamboo scrimber materials.

4. Conclusions

In this study, bamboo scrimbers (BS-150 and BS-200) were prepared by using oriented bamboo fiber mats (OBFMs) pretreated at different temperatures following actual industrial production conditions. The chemical compositions of pretreated OBFMs were analyzed. Their mechanical properties and dimensional stability were systematically investigated and compared. The variability in these properties was analyzed probabilistically using normal, lognormal, and Weibull distribution models. The results indicate that compared to BS-150, BS-200 exhibits significantly smaller bending strength and shear strength, increased brittleness, and significantly enhanced dimensional stability, mainly owing to the severely degraded hemicelluloses. Hence, BS-150 is suitable for applications requiring high mechanical strength, such as load-bearing walls, while BS-200 is more appropriate for scenarios demanding superior dimensional stability, e.g., the floor. By probabilistic distribution analyses, we found that the optimal distribution model for bending strength, elastic modulus, shear strength, and dimensional stability of BS-200 was lognormal distribution. For BS-150, the optimal distribution model for bending strength, elastic modulus, and dimensional stability was also lognormal distribution, while shear strength followed a normal distribution. This study reveals the distribution patterns of mechanical properties and dimensional stability for bamboo scrimber, providing a new research approach for the performance evaluation of bamboo-based composite materials based on statistical and probabilistic analysis, thus contributing to the promotion of forest biomass applications.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.Z.; Data curation, W.L.; Formal analysis, W.L.; Investigation, W.L., C.Z., Y.Z. (Yulan Zhu), Y.X., Y.Y., Y.Z. (Yahui Zhang), and S.Z.; Methodology, W.L., S.Z., and W.Y.; Software, Y.X.; Supervision, S.Z. and W.Y.; Validation, W.Y.; Visualization, S.W.; Writing—original draft, W.L.; Writing—review and editing, S.Z. and W.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Zhejiang Forestry Administration (grant number 2024SY09) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) General program (32171886).

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Beijing Zhongkebaice Technology Service Co., Ltd. for the characterization result.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Density distributions of (a) BS-150 and (b) BS-200.
Figure 1. Density distributions of (a) BS-150 and (b) BS-200.
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Figure 2. (a,b) Mechanical properties and (c) dimensional stability test details of bamboo scrimber. (d) Optical images of mechanical tests of bamboo scrimber.
Figure 2. (a,b) Mechanical properties and (c) dimensional stability test details of bamboo scrimber. (d) Optical images of mechanical tests of bamboo scrimber.
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Figure 3. (a) Chemical compositions and (b) FTIR spectra of OBFM, OBFM-150, and OBFM-200.
Figure 3. (a) Chemical compositions and (b) FTIR spectra of OBFM, OBFM-150, and OBFM-200.
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Figure 4. The MOR of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
Figure 4. The MOR of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
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Figure 5. The MOE of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
Figure 5. The MOE of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
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Figure 6. Load-displacement curves and failure modes of BS150 and BS200.
Figure 6. Load-displacement curves and failure modes of BS150 and BS200.
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Figure 7. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of MOR of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) MOR distribution of BS-150; (b) MOR distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of MOR distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of MOR distribution of BS-200.
Figure 7. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of MOR of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) MOR distribution of BS-150; (b) MOR distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of MOR distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of MOR distribution of BS-200.
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Figure 8. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of MOE of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) MOE distribution of BS-150; (b) MOE distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of MOE distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of MOE distribution of BS-200.
Figure 8. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of MOE of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) MOE distribution of BS-150; (b) MOE distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of MOE distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of MOE distribution of BS-200.
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Figure 9. The SS of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
Figure 9. The SS of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
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Figure 10. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of SS of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) SS distribution of BS-150; (b) SS distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of SS distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of SS distribution of BS-200.
Figure 10. The probabilistic distribution and distribution model curves of SS of BS-150 and BS-200: (a) SS distribution of BS-150; (b) SS distribution of BS-200; (c) Model curve of SS distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of SS distribution of BS-200.
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Figure 11. The TSR of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
Figure 11. The TSR of BS-150 and BS-200 with different densities.
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Figure 12. Probabilistic distribution of TSR of (a) BS-150 and (b) BS-200; (c) Model curve of TSR distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of TSR distribution of BS-200.
Figure 12. Probabilistic distribution of TSR of (a) BS-150 and (b) BS-200; (c) Model curve of TSR distribution of BS-150; (d) Model curve of TSR distribution of BS-200.
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Table 1. Parameters in the 150 °C pretreatment process.
Table 1. Parameters in the 150 °C pretreatment process.
Time (h)Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)Oxygen Content (%)
0.56021
0.59015
112015
51502
110015
Table 2. Parameters in the 200 °C pretreatment process.
Table 2. Parameters in the 200 °C pretreatment process.
Time (h)Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)Oxygen Content (%)
0.58015
0.512015
0.51502
0.51802
52002
110015
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lei, W.; Zhou, C.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, S.; Xia, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yu, W. Probabilistic Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Scrimber. Forests 2025, 16, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060916

AMA Style

Lei W, Zhou C, Zhu Y, Wang S, Xia Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Yu W. Probabilistic Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Scrimber. Forests. 2025; 16(6):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060916

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei, Wencheng, Changping Zhou, Yulan Zhu, Sidong Wang, Yao Xia, Yuxin Yang, Yahui Zhang, Shaodi Zhang, and Wenji Yu. 2025. "Probabilistic Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Scrimber" Forests 16, no. 6: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060916

APA Style

Lei, W., Zhou, C., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Xia, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Yu, W. (2025). Probabilistic Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Scrimber. Forests, 16(6), 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060916

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