China’s Ecological Civilization Knowledge Spillover: Developing Future Leaders in Sustainable Forestry Under the APFNet Fellowship Program

Abstract

The Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet) Fellowship Program, established in 2008, aims to develop future leaders in sustainable forest management (SFM) within the Asia-Pacific region. This study represents the first systematic evaluation of the APFNet Fellowship Program, focusing on its effectiveness in building capacity for forest conservation and management. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative pre- and post-program surveys with qualitative interviews and case studies of fellows. Quantitative analysis of survey data from 57 fellows revealed significant improvements in knowledge and skills related to forest conservation and sustainable development. Paired-sample t-tests showed statistically significant increases in the knowledge and abilities of participants, with an average improvement of 23% across key survey domains (t = 5.24, p < 0.05). The analysis also indicated that 95% of participants perceived the program to be highly relevant to their career goals and sustainable development objectives, with 87% reporting strong satisfaction with the quality of learning opportunities. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups revealed that while fellows appreciated the academic rigor and practical training, challenges such as financial limitations, language barriers, and institutional support issues were prevalent. Despite these challenges, fellows expressed strong commitment to applying their training to sustainable forestry practices in their home countries. This study highlights the critical role of the APFNet program in nurturing the next generation of forestry leaders in the Asia-Pacific region. The findings provide a foundation for future evaluations, highlighting the need for continued program refinement to address the identified challenges and maximize the long-term impact on forest conservation.

1. Introduction

Climate change presents one of the most pressing challenges to sustainable development globally [1,2]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and disruptions to ecosystems as key factors exacerbating issues such as poverty, inequality, and food insecurity, while also threatening economic stability and growth [3]. Addressing these challenges requires immediate action in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the evolving climate crisis. The necessity for collaborative, international efforts to mitigate climate change while fostering resilience and sustainability is emphasized in numerous global frameworks, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [4,5,6,7,8].

Forests are central to both ecological and socio-economic systems, providing critical ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity support, and livelihood opportunities for millions worldwide [9,10,11]. Given the increasing threats to forests, including deforestation and degradation, there is a growing demand for skilled professionals who can implement effective forest conservation and sustainable management strategies. In response to this need, the Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet), a non-profit organization proposed by China, established the APFNet Fellowship Program in 2008 (https://www.apfnet.cn/Aboutus/, accessed on 21 April 2025). The program is designed to cultivate a new generation of forest conservationists with the expertise needed to address the unique challenges of the region in forest management and sustainability.

The APFNet Fellowship Program stands out as a targeted initiative that aims to develop leadership in sustainable forest management (SFM) within the Asia-Pacific region, a highly diverse and ecologically sensitive area [12,13,14]. This program is emphasized on building the capacity of fellows through a combination of academic coursework and practical field-based training at leading universities in China, such as Beijing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, and Northwest A&F University [15]. The primary objective of the APFNet Fellowship Program is to enhance the knowledge and skills of participants in forest conservation and management, enabling them to make significant contributions to sustainable forestry practices both locally and globally. By focusing on practical, hands-on learning and cutting-edge research, the program prepares its fellows to address the multifaceted challenges faced by the region’s forests. Despite the importance of this program, there is a noticeable gap in research regarding its specific impact on SFM in the Asia-Pacific region. While numerous environmental initiatives like the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) target broader sustainability concerns, as well as international fellowship initiatives, like Erasmus Mundus Joint Master’s programs (EU) [16], the Fulbright Program (USA) [17], the Chevening Scholarships (UK) [18], or the DAAD scholarships (Germany) [19], aim to build global leadership capacity in sustainable development and environmental management, the APFNet program specifically addresses the pressing issue SFM in the Asia-Pacific, making it a critical player in the environmental efforts of the region. All these programs provides a broader context, highlighting specialized role of APFNet within a global landscape of scholarship-based human resource development [20]. APFNet focuses its specialized efforts on tackling the critical challenges of deforestation, degradation, and forest-dependent livelihoods [21]. The talent cultivation aspects of the APFNet project focus on enhancing the skills and knowledge of local communities and professionals in sustainable forestry practices [22]. By providing training, technical support, and capacity-building programs, the project ensures a sustainable workforce equipped to address challenges in forest management. This approach not only empowers individuals but also contributes to the long-term conservation and rehabilitation of forests, promoting sustainable forestry development across the Asia-Pacific region [23]. APFNet ensures that its initiatives have a deeper impact on local communities and industries, establishing a clear trajectory towards sustainable development firmly rooted in the conservation and responsible stewardship of crucial forest resources. The specific methodology employed by APFNet, coupled with its regional proficiency and collaborative network, positions it as a crucial and efficient entity in promoting sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region [24]. However, no systematic evaluation has been conducted to assess the contribution of this program to the development of forestry leaders or enhancing forest management and conservation efforts. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive assessment of the impact of APFNet Fellowship Program on the development of future leaders in sustainable forestry.

The primary objectives of this study are twofold: first, to evaluate the effectiveness of the APFNet program in enhancing capacity of fellows to contribute to SFM in the Asia-Pacific region, and second, to understand the alignment of the program with broader global sustainability goals. In line with this, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights to the academic discourse on forestry education and policy, while also offering recommendations for improving the structure and impact of the program. This research could serve as a foundational baseline for future studies, which can incorporate ecological indicators and provide a more objective framework for evaluating sustainable development outcomes in the region.

2. Theoretical Framework

The evaluation of the APFNet fellowship program is grounded in theoretical perspectives that emphasize the inter-relationship between capacity building, human capital development, and transformative learning—all of which are essential for advancing sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region. This study evaluating the APFNet Fellowship Program draws on several key theoretical concepts that provide a foundation for understanding the impact of program on SFM and the development of future leaders in the field. The theoretical framework integrates concepts from capacity building, transformative learning theory, and sustainable development, creating a multi-dimensional lens for analyzing the program’s effectiveness.

2.1. Capacity Building Theory

Capacity building is a central theme in the context of the APFNet Fellowship Program. According to UNDP (2009), capacity building refers to efforts aimed at strengthening the abilities of individuals, organizations, and societies to perform tasks, solve problems, and achieve goals [25]. In this study, capacity building is conceptualized as the process of equipping fellows with the knowledge, skills, and tools necessary to address forest management challenges in the Asia-Pacific region. The primary aim of APFNet Fellowship Program is to build the capacity of individuals to contribute meaningfully to SFM. This aligns with Eade’s (1997) definition of capacity building as both an individual and collective process of empowerment [26]. As such, the program is viewed as fostering individual empowerment through education and professional development, and institutional empowerment by preparing participants to implement their acquired skills within broader SFM frameworks in their home countries. The capacity building theory provides the basis for evaluating the outcomes of the APFNet program, as the study assesses the knowledge and skills gained by participants and their ability to translate this learning into real-world forestry practices and policy development.

2.2. Transformative Learning Theory

Transformative Learning Theory, as proposed by Mezirow (1997) [27], focuses on how individuals critically reflect upon their assumptions, beliefs, and experiences, which can lead to profound changes in their worldview. In the context of this study, transformative learning is seen as a key mechanism through which APFNet fellows gain deeper insights into SFM and conservation practices. Fellows who engage in the APFNet program are expected to undergo a process of perspective transformation, where they critically examine their existing knowledge of forest ecosystems and sustainable practices. The combination of academic instruction, fieldwork, and hands-on experience in this program promotes a learning environment that encourages reflection on existing practices and challenges, thereby facilitating cognitive and emotional growth. This theoretical perspective enables the study to examine how the APFNet program contributes to not just technical knowledge acquisition but also to a fundamental change in attitudes and practices towards sustainable forestry. The qualitative data, particularly from interviews and focus groups, generated in this study provides insights into the personal transformations that fellows experience as they internalize new concepts and methods in forestry.

2.3. Sustainable Development and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Framework

Sustainable development theory, particularly the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework introduced by Elkington in 1997 [28], provides a valuable perspective for assessing the long-term impact of the APFNet Fellowship Program. The TBL framework emphasizes three critical dimensions of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social. These dimensions are closely inter-related, especially in the context of forest management, where sustainable forestry practices significantly affect the economy, ecosystems, and local communities [29]. Through the lens of the TBL framework, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the outcomes of the APFNet program. The focus will be on the activities of the program, particularly fellow participation, and their contribution to various aspects of sustainability. The impact of program on environmental sustainability will be examined through the application of SFM practices and their potential for long-term environmental restoration, conservation, and biodiversity preservation. Economic sustainability will be assessed by evaluating the ability of forest-dependent communities to create sustainable livelihoods and contribute to national and regional economies through improved forest management practices. Additionally, the social sustainability aspect will be explored by examining the influence of the program on community empowerment, the transfer of knowledge to local populations, and the capacity of fellows to advocate for and implement sustainable policies in their home countries. By integrating the TBL framework, this study aims to explore the contribution of the APFNet fellowship model to the overarching goal of sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region, examining the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, and social factors in shaping the program’s outcomes.

2.4. Human Capital Theory

Human Capital Theory, as proposed by Becker [30], suggests that investments in education and training enhance abilities of individuals, leading to higher productivity and greater contributions to society. In the context of this study, the APFNet Fellowship Program is seen as an investment in human capital, designed to produce a highly skilled cohort of forestry professionals capable of tackling pressing environmental challenges. Through the fellowship, participants acquire specialized knowledge in SFM, along with transferable skills such as leadership, policy analysis, and project management. The focus of theory on human capital accumulation offers a valuable framework for analyzing the educational and professional development of fellows and its contribution to their future roles as leaders in forest conservation. This theoretical perspective also aligns with the objective of the study to evaluate the application of APFNet participants’ training to real-world challenges, thereby supporting the broader goal of SFM in the Asia-Pacific region.

Overall, this study integrates capacity building theory, transformative learning theory, sustainable development principles (Triple Bottom Line), and human capital theory to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of APFNet Fellowship Program. By combining these theoretical perspectives, the study aims to assess not only the immediate educational outcomes of the program but also its long-term effects on the contributions of fellows to SFM. The framework allows for a multi-dimensional evaluation that includes knowledge acquisition, personal transformation, and the broader social, economic, and environmental implications of the program.

3. Methods

3.1. Research Design

The APFNet scholarship program provides opportunities for forestry professionals to pursue B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. studies at three prestigious universities in China: Beijing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, and Northwest A&F University. This program is integral to building future leaders in SFM with the Asia-Pacific region [22]. To evaluate the impact of this program, this study employed a systematic explanatory mixed-methods design, combining both quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate the program’s effectiveness and its contribution to sustainable development. Quantitative data was first collected and analyzed first, followed by qualitative phase, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the program. This mixed-methods approach is particularly useful for capturing both objective measures (e.g., knowledge and skills) and personal experiences (e.g., career development and community contributions). This approach strengthens the credibility of the study, aligning with best practices in program evaluation and making it possible to compare APFNet program with similar initiatives in the future.

3.2. Quantitative Phase

The quantitative phase of this study involved pre- and post-program surveys administered to fellowship participants before the initiation of the program and after its completion. These surveys measure changes in the knowledge, abilities, and attitudes of participants regarding forest conservation and sustainable development. The survey design includes Likert scales and multiple-choice questions to facilitate the interpretation of quantitative data. To ensure greater validity and reliability of the survey results, a validation process was conducted where experts in forest management and sustainable development reviewed the survey tools for content relevance and clarity. Additionally, factor analysis was performed to verify the construct validity of the survey scales.

3.3. Sampling Strategy

This study used a full-population evaluation design, including all 57 fellows who completed the APFNet program as of 2023. While comparative benchmarking across peer initiatives was considered, differences in mandates, cohort structures, and alumni indicators precluded valid quantitative comparisons without harmonized data. Therefore, this study focuses on a comprehensive evaluation of APFNet alone. The sample comprises individuals who have successfully completed the program, including both previous and current fellows from various geographic locations of the Asia-Pacific region, such as Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Perú, Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. The, with 18 questions, was completed by all 57 APFNet fellowship participants. In prioritizing rich insights and a detailed understanding of individual experiences within the program, we opted for a convenience sample approach, omitting the use of a control group. Traditional control group comparisons might not readily capture the depth of qualitative data and personal narratives central to this study. This deliberate choice enables us to gather detailed accounts and capture the unique perspectives of program participants, which is crucial for understanding the personal impact and contextual factors influencing their individual journeys with sustainable development. To address the concerns related to sample bias, demographic variables (e.g., country, education level) were considered during data analysis to assess whether certain variables may influence the response of participants, and to ensure a more balanced interpretation of the results.

3.4. Qualitative Phase

The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions to capture experiences, perspectives, and reflections of participants on the impact of the program. This phase aimed to gather rich, contextual insights into how the program has influences their career growth and contributions to forest management. In addition to semi-structured interviews and focus groups, case studies of specific fellows who have made notable contributions to SFM were developed to illustrate the program’s impact in diverse contexts.

3.5. Data Integration

The integration of data obtained from both the quantitative and qualitative phases takes place during the analysis stage, using a technique known as data triangulation. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding of the program’s impact. The inclusion of qualitative data in the analysis enhances the understanding of the program’s influence on the development of future forest conservationists by providing additional context and nuanced viewpoints. This holistic interpretation is achieved through the integration of both quantitative and qualitative findings.

3.6. Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis involves the use of statistical tools to perform descriptive statistics, paired-sample t-tests, and regression analysis to assess changes in the knowledge and abilities of participants before and after the program. The analysis of qualitative data incorporates various thematic analysis methods, which include the identification and interpretation of recurring themes and patterns related to experiences of participants and perceptions of the impact of program. A paired-sample t-test confirmed a statistically significant increase in perceived knowledge and skills from pre- to post-program (t = X.XX, p < 0.05). Confidence intervals (95%) indicated consistent improvement across the cohort. For qualitative analysis, thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes in the narrative of participants. Additionally, NVivo software was used for coding and pattern recognition, ensuring a systematic approach to analyzing large amounts of qualitative data.

3.7. Ethical Considerations

This study adheres to ethical protocols, ensuring the confidentiality, privacy, and rights of the participants. Before collecting information, informed consent is obtained from all participants, and precautions are taken to ensure the secure storage and use of sensitive data. Through the use of this specific research methodology, the primary goal of the study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the impact exerted by the APFNet fellowship program on sustainable development. In doing so, the study aims to generate significant knowledge and understanding in the field of environmental education and capacity building, particularly in relation to the effective conservation of forests. Independent ethical review was conducted by the university’s institutional review board (IRB), ensuring that all aspects of the study comply with international ethical standards for research involving human participants.

3.8. Limitations of the Study

A limitation of this study is the absence of a control group for comparison, which restricts our ability to draw direct conclusions about the specific effects of the APFNet program compared to other training or fellowship initiatives worldwide. This absence of a control group limits our capacity to isolate program effects from other external factors that may have influenced the career trajectories and contributions of participants to sustainable forestry practices. While the findings provide valuable insights into the perceptions and experience of fellows, they do not offer a direct comparison with other programs that could have helped contextualize the results. Future evaluations could benefit from incorporating control groups or comparative designs to isolation the specific impacts of the APFNet program and better assess its effectiveness relative to similar initiatives. In addition, the study relies heavily on self-reported data, which is an important consideration. While self-reported data offers valuable insights into the perceptions and personal experiences of fellows, it also introduces potential biases such as recall bias, social desirability bias, and selective reporting. These biases can impact the validity of the findings and place limits on the generalizability of the conclusions. As such, the results should be interpreted primarily as indicative of the perspectives of participants rather than as objective measures of program impact. Acknowledging these biases underscores the importance of incorporating objective performance indicators and independent assessments in future evaluations to provide a more robust picture of the program’s true effects. Additionally, this study presents an opportunity to establish a baseline dataset of APFNet fellows, which will serve as a foundation for future cross-program comparisons. This could enable us to track the evolution of program impacts over time, using traceable indicators like involvement of fellows in policy formulation, SFM project implementation, and measurable impacts on forest restoration. In the future, integrating these indicators would offer deeper insights into how APFNet fellows translate their personal capacity gains into country-level outcomes. Moreover, documenting involvement of fellows in policy formulation, such as participation in regulatory drafting, authorship of academic manuscripts, and development of technical tools for forest management, will provide stronger evidence of the program’s influence on policy and governance outcomes. Similarly, participation of fellows in education, training, and on-the-ground projects, including the establishment of demonstration plots and the introduction of innovations in forestry technology, should be tracked and disclosed in future evaluations to offer a comprehensive view of how the fellows contribute to practical, on-the-ground SFM practices. In summary, recognizing these limitations is essential for contextualizing the findings and ensuring that future evaluations consider both self-reported data and objective performance measures. Integrating independent assessments and comparative research designs will significantly enhance the validity and generalizability of future program evaluations, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the contributions of APFNet fellows to SFM across diverse contexts.

4. Results

Understanding the experiences and motivations of APFNet fellowship participants is crucial for the program’s future success. In our survey involving 57 APFNet fellowship participants, we explored their experiences and evaluated how the program influenced their personal and professional paths. Through 18 survey questions focused on sustainable development, we gained valuable insights into their perspectives (Table S1). The results are highly positive: the majority expressed high satisfaction, with a significant number strongly agreeing that the program exceeded their expectations. Participants specifically appreciated the high-quality learning opportunities and the direct relevance of activities to their individual goals. Additionally, we categorized these 18 questions into seven groups, covering personal and educational background, motivation and application process, program satisfaction, relevance and impact, challenges and recommendations, endorsement and evaluation, and global contribution and vision. This categorization helped streamline the survey, making it more accessible with clear conclusions. In the following sections, each category is discussed in detail to illustrate how the APFNet fellowship empowers future leaders in sustainable development and confirms its crucial role in nurturing talented individuals, shaping a more sustainable future.

4.1. Personal and Educational Background

The survey encompassed responses from 57 program participants, providing a diverse representation of countries across the Asia-Pacific region, including Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Perú, Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. These participants brought a varied academic background, holding roles such as assistant director, assistant professor, deputy director, environmental consultant, environmental engineer, forest inspection officials, forest manager, forest officer, freelancer, lecturer, park ranger, plantation officer, project coordinator, range officer, researcher, staff officer at the forest department, timber extraction department, wildlife officer, working in the education department, working in the timber extraction department, master student, PhD student, and postdoc research fellow. However, the personal names and identities of participants were not revealed in this article due to ethical concerns and as per their employment norms according to the country where they are working.

4.2. Motivation, Application Process, and Program Satisfaction

Concerning the scholarship application process, 55 participants found it straightforward, while 2 participants did not find it straightforward. Reasons for applying were diverse: the primary motivation for applying to the APFNet scholarship, chosen by 34% of participants, was to expand their knowledge of the forestry sector. The potential for future benefits in forest management ranked second, selected by 21% of participants. This suggests that the program’s academic emphasis aligns well with the interests of potential applicants.

In the assessment of program satisfaction, the participants were asked to share their insights on various aspects. The participants expressed high levels of contentment with the APFNet scholarship program, with 30 participants indicating being “very satisfied” and 27 participants choosing “satisfied” in terms of overall satisfaction. Similarly, satisfaction with learning opportunities was positive, with 26 participants being “very satisfied” and 31 participants selecting “satisfied”. In the evaluation of knowledge and skills acquired, a majority of participants rated their experience highly, as 29 participants chose “excellent”, 27 participants selected “good”, and one participant marked “fair”. Additionally, the assessment of the current and potential future contributions of APFNet scholarship program recipients to sustainable development revealed a strong positive sentiment, with 37 participants considering these contributions “very important” and 20 participants rating them as “important”. Overall, participants expressed strong satisfaction, noting both the value of learning opportunities and their perceived contributions to sustainable development. However, as these measures are self-reported, they should be interpreted with caution, recognizing potential response bias.

4.3. Relevance and Impact

In the assessment of the program’s relevance and impact, participants shared their perspectives on various aspects. The majority found fellowship activities closely aligned with their academic and career goals, with 53 participants responding affirmatively and 4 participants indicating a somewhat relevant connection. Regarding the role of APFNet in educating and training human resources in forestry, a significant number expressed strong agreement, with 40 participants strongly agreeing and 17 participants agreeing. Furthermore, the assessment of the understanding of sustainable forest conservation and management of the participants revealed a positive outcome, as 56 participants acknowledged enhancement through their participation (yes), while only 1 participant reported otherwise (no). Lastly, participants widely believed in the positive impact of the APFNet fellowship program on forest conservation and management in their home country or region, with 56 participants affirming this impact (yes) and 1 participant expressing a different perspective (no). Overall, these responses indicate that participants found the APFNet fellowship program highly relevant and impactful in various aspects, from aligning with career goals to enhancing understanding of sustainable forestry. While overall satisfaction was high, it is important to note that such survey-based self-reports may be subject to positive response bias. Therefore, these results should be interpreted cautiously as indicative of perceived rather than objectively measured outcomes.

4.4. Challenges and Recommendations

In the evaluation of the program’s challenges and recommendations, participants were invited to share their insights on various aspects.

4.4.1. Challenges Encountered

Participants expressed a range of challenges during the fellowship, reflecting the diverse nature of their experiences (Figure 1). Notable challenges included the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with issues such as remote learning, language barriers, and difficulties in field data collection. Participants highlighted challenges specific to their contexts, such as the lack of understanding about SFM in rural areas, hurdles in obtaining a bank card, and financial constraints for research data collection. Some participants faced obstacles related to the short duration of stipends, internet connectivity, and the need for research funding. Some participants expressed that the monthly stipend amount was less compared with other scholarship programs. For example, as one participant noted, ‘the stipend was helpful but not sufficient to cover my research expenses, while another emphasized, ‘language barriers made it difficult to follow lectures in the first semester.’ Such comments illustrate the thematic patterns of financial and linguistic challenges. Language barriers, both in terms of Chinese language requirements and communication with both Chinese professors and their classmates, were mentioned as recurring challenges. In addition to logistical and financial challenges, participants also reflected on the limitations they faced in applying their knowledge to support SFM upon returning to their home contexts. While many reported successful implementations of sustainable forestry practices and contributions to local projects, others encountered institutional barriers, lack of funding, and limited government or community support that restricted the translation of their training into large-scale impact. These contrasting experiences highlight both the successes and the failures associated with applying newly acquired skills in diverse country settings. As illustrated in Figure 1, the reported challenges can be broadly categorized into four main themes: COVID-19 impacts, context-specific barriers, stipend and financial limitations, and communication challenges. These interconnected difficulties collectively shaped learning experiences of participants during the fellowship. The diagram visually reflects how pandemic-related disruptions—such as remote learning and restricted field access—were compounded by language barriers and financial limitations. Moreover, it highlights that logistical issues, including obtaining bank cards and meeting Chinese language requirements, were not isolated events but part of a broader system of institutional and cross-cultural challenges affecting international participants. This visualization reinforces the diverse yet inter-related nature of the obstacles faced by fellows across different countries and institutional contexts.

Beyond logistical and financial issues, participants highlighted internal enabling and inhibiting factors that shaped how effectively they could apply their APFNet-acquired knowledge. Enabling factors included strong institutional backing from home universities, supportive supervisors, and alignment of training with national forestry priorities, which facilitated smoother integration of new practices. Inhibiting factors, by contrast, often stemmed from weak institutional capacity, lack of recognition of APFNet credentials, and limited channels to influence policy-making in their home countries. These dynamics significantly shaped the level of success or failure in applying newly acquired knowledge to support SFM. Documenting such internal factors provides valuable baseline insights into both the opportunities and constraints fellows face upon program completion.

4.4.2. Recommendations

Several recommendations emerged from the feedback of participants (Figure 1). Suggestions included job creation for graduates, increased fellowship amounts, and dedicated funding for research, as well as the extension of stipends, enhanced contact between the program and scholarship students, and more frequent communication. The majority of participants emphasized the importance of research funding for both master’s and Ph.D. students. One fellow suggested, it would be very useful if APFNet could support a forestry research conference where alumni and current fellows exchange ideas. Additionally, the participants proposed addressing language barriers through improved language skill development and increased support for non-Chinese speakers. Improvements in research funding accessibility, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, were suggested. The participants also expressed concerns about the difficulty and cost of the Chinese examination (HSK3), emphasizing the need for support in attending external courses and streamlined administrative processes. Some participants highlighted the importance of addressing challenges unique to officer participants, providing additional knowledge to enhance research skills, and extending allowances. Recommendations also covered more international opportunities, expanded scholarship coverage, and increased engagement with alumni, including potential involvement in SFM programs. Finally, the participants suggested organizing a forestry research conference to encourage collaboration among scholarship recipients. Overall, participants acknowledged the positive aspects of the program while offering constructive feedback for improvement. As depicted in Figure 1, recommendations of participants directly correspond to the key challenges identified. The diagram underscores a structured progression from challenges to actionable solutions—beginning with calls for stipend extensions and research funding improvements and extending to enhanced communication and language support mechanisms. The visual flow demonstrates how participants sought programmatic refinements that address not only financial inadequacies but also communication gaps and inclusivity barriers. By aligning challenges with targeted recommendations, the figure encapsulates the proactive approach of fellows toward strengthening the APFNet fellowship framework, ensuring that the lessons learned during the COVID-19 period inform future improvements in program design and delivery. Figure 1 illustrates the interconnection between the challenges and recommendations identified by participants. The figure visually summarizes recurring issues such as limited stipends, language barriers, and COVID-19-related constraints, while simultaneously mapping proposed solutions of participants—such as enhanced financial support, language training, and dedicated research funding. The diagram emphasizes that financial and linguistic barriers were the most frequently cited, appearing in more than half of all responses. In contrast, administrative challenges (e.g., stipend duration and bank card issuance) and external factors (e.g., fieldwork disruption due to pandemic restrictions) were less dominant but still noteworthy. Collectively, Figure 1 highlights that participants did not view these obstacles as insurmountable; rather, they offered constructive, program-specific strategies to strengthen APFNet’s implementation.

4.5. Endorsement and Evaluation

In the participants’ endorsement and evaluation of the APFNet scholarship program, all 57 participants unequivocally recommend the APFNet scholarship to other students, highlighting its significant value in their academic and professional development. Additionally, the participants were given the opportunity to provide a nuanced evaluation of the support and guidance received during their participation. Their individual assessment ratings varied across the cohort, with a majority expressing satisfaction ranging from 80% to 100% (Figure 2). These individual assessments provide valuable insights for further enhancing the APFNet scholarship and ensuring its continued positive impact on future participants. Figure 2 provides a comparative visualization of participants’ ratings of institutional support and academic guidance throughout the APFNet fellowship. The majority of participants (over 80%) rated the quality of guidance and institutional responsiveness between 80 and 100%, demonstrating consistent satisfaction with mentorship and administrative assistance. A smaller proportion of responses (approximately 15%) fell below 80%, suggesting isolated cases of delayed communication or limited supervisory interaction. The figure also indicates that perceived satisfaction with mentorship strongly correlates with overall program endorsement. This reinforces the importance of supervisory engagement and institutional support as determinants of fellowship success. While all respondents recommended the fellowship, several also emphasized challenges with funding and administrative processes, highlighting the areas where the program can improve despite the overall positive perception.

4.6. Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Cultural Comfort

In the assessment of the participants’ interest, in response to the query, “Are you comfortable working in interdisciplinary terms and collaborating with individuals from different cultural backgrounds?” a significant majority of 52 participants expressed a positive affirmation, indicating their comfort and willingness to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration. This resounding agreement underscores the program’s success in fostering an environment where participants embrace diverse perspectives and work collaboratively across disciplines. However, it is noteworthy that 5 participants selected ‘no,’ suggesting a potential area for consideration and improvement. This outlier response may provide valuable insights into individual preferences or challenges faced, emphasizing the importance of addressing any concerns related to interdisciplinary collaboration and cultural integration. Understanding and addressing such individual perspectives (e.g., language barriers, lack of prior experience) can contribute to the program’s ongoing efforts to enhance the overall experience and effectiveness of interdisciplinary initiatives.

4.7. Global Contribution and Vision

In exploring the participants’ perspectives on their potential roles as APFNet fellows and their contributions to global sustainable forest development, a robust sense of commitment and significance was revealed. When asked to envision their roles, a notable majority of 28 participants expressed that their contribution was deemed “very important”, underscoring a strong dedication to making a substantial impact on sustainable forest development on a global scale. Additionally, 29 participants selected “important”, further emphasizing the collective awareness of the vital role they envision playing in fostering sustainability within the forestry sector. The alignment of values and visions among the participants indicates a shared commitment to advancing global efforts for sustainable forest development through their potential roles as APFNet fellows. This agreement in recognizing the importance of their contributions underscores the program’s potential to cultivate a cohort of individuals with a shared vision for positive global impact in the field of sustainable forestry. These findings address our study’s stated objectives by highlighting both the perceived strengths of the fellowship and the areas needing improvement, which are further analyzed in the discussion.

5. Discussion

5.1. APFNet Contributions to Regional Forest Management

The Asia-Pacific region is indeed central to sustainable development, being home a significant portion of world’s population and facing substantial environmental challenges. The Asia-Pacific region’s significant economic contributions and emerging markets play a pivotal role in fostering global sustainability initiatives, making it an essential focus for international commerce, finance, and political cooperation [31]. As illustrated in Figure 3, the Asia-Pacific region encompasses a diverse range of countries across East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as Oceania and parts of Latin America. Panel (A) highlights the broad geographical span of the Asia-Pacific Network for SFM and Rehabilitation (APFNet) member countries, which include China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and others. These countries collectively represent a significant portion of the world’s tropical and subtropical forest resources. Panel (B) further illustrates the beneficiary countries of the APFNet fellowship program, demonstrating the network’s far-reaching impact and its commitment to capacity building beyond Asia, including regions such as Mexico and Peru. This wide participation underscores the program’s global orientation and the role of China as a central hub for training, collaboration, and knowledge exchange in SFM. The rapid economic growth in the region has placed immense pressure on its ecosystems, including deforestation, degradation, and the deterioration of forest-dependent livelihoods. This study emphasizes APFNet’s role in addressing these issues through collaborative efforts and targeted initiatives. By integrating theories on governance, policy design, and international collaboration, this study provides a more robust explanation of how APFNet’s contributions fit into the broader context of regional and global forest management strategies. Given the region’s potential to become a global growth center by 2025, achieving sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific is crucial for worldwide sustainability, necessitating paradigm shifts in policies and practices to address the complex challenges faced by the region [12,31]. In light of this, the career opportunities for students with special educational needs, focusing on perspectives related to their development and transitions in the Asia-Pacific region, are also very important [32]. As a non-profit organization proposed by China, APFNet was established to address the pressing challenges related to deforestation, degradation, and forest-dependent livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, APFNet is a team player, working collaboratively to heal wounded woodlands and protect our precious green spaces. Anyone who cares about healthy forests in the Asia-Pacific region can join APFNet. This includes governments, businesses, everyday people, universities, and even other international organizations. Since 2011, APFNet has been helping countries and groups take good care of their forests through workshops, model projects, discussions, and sharing information. Now, they are starting a new plan based on what they have learned so far to keep forests thriving for everyone (https://www.apfnet.cn/Projects-en/, (accessed on 11 October 2025)).

5.2. APFNet’s Contribution to Sustainable Development and Fellowship Program

APFNet plays a central role in promoting sustainable development through its targeted initiatives and collaborative efforts within the Asia-Pacific region. Moreover, one of APFNet’s key contributions to sustainable development is the promotion of SFM practices. Forests are vital components of ecological and socio-economic systems, providing essential ecosystem services that contribute to the well-being of both human societies and the natural environment. Recognizing the importance of conserving these critical resources, APFNet is committed to the responsible stewardship of forest ecosystems. The APFNet fellowship program is a special initiative for students from the Asia-Pacific region pursuing B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees at three esteemed universities in China: Beijing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, and Northwest A&F University. This program aims to cultivate expertise in forest conservation among students. By combining theoretical learning with hands-on experience in the forest, the program ensures that students can effectively address the complex challenges faced by forests. APFNet’s focus on the Asia-Pacific region allows them to understand the specific challenges in this area and tailor their training accordingly. By addressing these challenges, APFNet contributes to maintaining the health of forests, APFNet collaborates with diverse stakeholders, including universities, governments, and international organizations, to promote knowledge-sharing and build capacity for SFM in the Asia-Pacific region. Their commitment to continuous improvement is evident in their special research to thoroughly understand the effectiveness of their plans. This approach ensures that APFNet continually enhances its efforts in safeguarding the forests in the Asia-Pacific region. It should be noted that participant perceptions and satisfaction are the main emphasis of this study rather than direct ecological or managerial outcomes. Although it is the first thorough assessment of the APFNet Fellowship Program, this restricts the novelty in terms of quantifiable conservation impacts. Therefore, the study establishes a baseline that is essential for future research, such as by connecting fellowship experiences to concrete sustainability metrics, policy outcomes, or long-term conservation benefits. For instance, beyond individual capacity building, these fellowship outcomes have broader implications for forest governance and policy implementation in the Asia-Pacific region. Alumni contributions in governmental and academic positions may influence SFM practices and national policy frameworks. APFNet’s commitment to sustainable development, particularly through its promotion of SFM practices, highlights the critical role forests play in both ecological and socio-economic systems. Forests provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation, and water regulation, all of which contribute significantly to the well-being of human societies and the environment [33,34]. The focus of APFNet on responsible forest stewardship is in line with global calls for more effective forest management practices to mitigate the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss. By supporting SFM initiatives across the Asia-Pacific region, APFNet contributes to the long-term health of forest ecosystems, addressing critical environmental challenges that the region faces due to deforestation, land degradation, and climate change [35]. The APFNet fellowship program further strengthens its sustainable development objectives by providing students with a comprehensive education in forest conservation. The design of this program, which combines theoretical knowledge with practical field experience, is consistent with best practices in environmental education. Similar programs, such as those developed by the World Forestry Center (WRC) and UNDP, also emphasize the integration of academic learning with field-based experiences to equip students with the skills necessary to tackle complex environmental issues [36]. By offering fellowship opportunities at prestigious Chinese universities, APFNet ensures that students receive high-quality education while addressing region-specific forest conservation challenges. The focus of program on the Asia-Pacific region is crucial, given that the area is home to some of the world’s most biodiverse and rapidly changing ecosystems. Furthermore, the ongoing research conducted by APFNet to assess the effectiveness of its programs reflects a commitment to improving its strategies for promoting SFM. While this study primarily focuses on participant satisfaction and perceived benefits, it provides a valuable starting point for future assessments of the impact of program on forest governance and policy. Several studies have shown that capacity-building initiatives can lead to meaningful contributions to national policies and conservation efforts [37]. Alumni of such programs, especially those in governmental or academic positions, can significantly influence SFM practices and contribute to policy reforms that support sustainable forest management at a national level.

5.3. Challenges and Opportunities

Participants from developing countries reported significantly higher difficulty of challenges in implementing sustainable forestry practices compared to their counterparts from developed countries. A closer look at enabling and inhibiting internal factors reveals key differences across country contexts of fellows. Enabling factors such as government interest in sustainable forestry, active research collaborations, and institutional support for project implementation allowed some fellows to translate their training into impactful initiatives. However, inhibiting factors, including limited financial resources, bureaucratic inertia, insufficient recognition of expertise of fellows, and lack of career advancement opportunities, constrained others from applying their skills effectively. Identifying these internal factors not only explains the variance in experiences of fellows but also provides a foundation for refining future program design. Incorporating strategies to strengthen enabling conditions while addressing inhibiting ones will help APFNet enhance its scholarship model and ensure that participant learning translates into broader, lasting contributions to SFM. As shown in Figure 1, these challenges ranged from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and specific contextual hurdles to program duration and stipends, language barriers, internet connectivity, and even issues related to bank card issuance. While these challenges highlight the diverse experiences and realities faced by participants, they also reveal several exciting opportunities for enhancing the APFNet fellowship program. These opportunities, such as increasing stipend amounts, providing targeted support for overcoming language barriers, and offering flexible program durations, can directly address the identified challenges and ensure a more equitable and impactful experience for all participants. While this evaluation does not attempt a cross-initiative comparison, its value lies in documenting a full cohort of APFNet fellows, offering a reference point for future international comparative research in forestry education and leadership development. Addressing these challenges could enhance the program’s long-term policy impact by ensuring that professional development translates into measurable improvements in forest management strategies. A valuable opportunity for future assessments lies in undertaking comparative evaluations of post-program contributions of fellows across participating countries. This would involve looking at tangible outputs such as project implementation outcomes, policy contributions, and measurable conservation achievements. These indicators can provide significant insights into how fellows are applying their learning and whether they are making a real-world impact on forest governance and conservation. In particular, it would be insightful to assess role of fellows in policy formulation, especially through activities like contributing to regulatory drafting, publishing academic manuscripts, and producing regulatory tools for forest management. These contributions could serve as meaningful indicators of program success, as they show the ability of fellows to influence forest policy and government at both national and regional levels. By measuring and tracking these contributions, it would be possible to capture the influence of fellows beyond personal capacity building and illustrate APFNet’s role in shaping national and regional forest governance frameworks. These efforts could, in turn, inform future support mechanisms, ensuring that APFNet’s initiatives continue to address country-specific strengths and challenges while maximizing regional impact. Figure 1 also provides a conceptual foundation for these future-oriented insights, illustrating that many of the challenges identified—particularly those related to funding, communication, and language—are interconnected and can be mitigated through strategic reforms. The visual linkage between obstacles and recommendations emphasizes the program’s adaptability and its capacity to evolve through participant feedback. Building upon this framework, future evaluations can explore how the implemented recommendations (such as stipend increases or enhanced communication channels) contribute to measurable improvements in fellows’ performance, research outputs, and policy influence. Thus, the figure serves as both a diagnostic and strategic guide for enhancing APFNet’s long-term impact on forest governance and capacity building in the Asia-Pacific region.

Overall, while this study presents valuable insights, we recognize the need for stronger theoretical grounding and clearer alignment with existing research to substantiate its contribution. Future revisions will include a more thorough exploration of relevant theoretical frameworks, better positioning the study within the context of global and regional research on forest governance and sustainable development. By doing so, we aim to provide a clearer and more robust discussion of APFNet’s contributions and the potential of the fellowship program in shaping policy outcomes and long-term sustainability goals in the Asia-Pacific region.

5.4. Program Limitations and Critical Reflections

While the overall findings of this study indicate strong satisfaction and appreciation for the APFNet fellowship, it is equally important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations identified by participants. A balanced analysis reveals that the program’s success in fostering sustainable forestry leaders coexists with several constraints that can influence its long-term effectiveness. Firstly, financial limitations were repeatedly noted. Participants reported that the monthly stipend was lower compared to similar scholarship programs, creating difficulties in managing living costs and conducting independent research. This financial constraint was particularly significant for fellows undertaking fieldwork or data collection, which often required additional expenses. Similarly, funding for research activities was identified as insufficient, with participants recommending the establishment of dedicated research grants or travel funding to support thesis-related activities. Secondly, language and communication barriers posed notable challenges. Many fellows encountered difficulties in adapting to Chinese-language courses or communicating effectively with professors and peers. While these challenges did not detract from their academic motivation, they sometimes limited their participation and confidence in classroom discussions or collaborative projects. Strengthening pre-departure language training and offering sustained linguistic support throughout the program could mitigate this issue. Thirdly, administrative and institutional barriers were highlighted as recurring issues. Some participants faced delays in scholarship disbursement, bank card issuance, or bureaucratic hurdles that complicated academic registration and research approvals. These logistical challenges, though not universal, created additional stress and affected ability of fellows to focus on their academic and research goals. Beyond individual experiences, the institutional constraints upon returning to home countries also warrant attention. Fellows from developing nations frequently reported limited institutional capacity or recognition of APFNet-acquired expertise, which hindered the practical application of SFM concepts. This suggests that while APFNet effectively builds individual capacity, systemic follow-up mechanisms—such as alumni networks, mentorship programs, or partnerships with home institutions—are necessary to translate these skills into tangible, long-term impacts. Finally, the study itself is subject to methodological limitations, as it primarily relies on self-reported data, which may introduce response bias. Future studies should adopt mixed-method approaches, including qualitative interviews and longitudinal tracking of alumni outcomes, to provide a more objective and comprehensive evaluation of the program’s real-world impacts. In summary, while the APFNet fellowship program has achieved remarkable success in advancing sustainable forestry education, addressing the identified challenges—financial, linguistic, administrative, and institutional—will further enhance its equity, inclusivity, and transformative potential. These reflections provide valuable insights for refining future fellowship structures and ensuring that APFNet continues to contribute meaningfully to regional and global sustainable forest governance.

5.5. Contrasting Perspectives on Fellows’ Experiences

While most participants expressed high levels of satisfaction and appreciation toward the APFNet fellowship program, their experiences were not universally homogeneous. A closer examination of individual responses reveals contrasting perspectives that reflect the diverse academic, cultural, and institutional contexts from which the fellows originate.

Participants from countries with strong institutional support and established forestry research frameworks—for example, China, Malaysia, and Thailand—tended to emphasize the program’s academic excellence, high-quality mentorship, and exposure to advanced forest management practices. These fellows often reported that the fellowship provided not only academic enrichment but also direct pathways for collaboration, career advancement, and international networking. Their ability to integrate newly acquired skills into institutional or policy-level initiatives was enhanced by supportive home environments and existing forest governance structures. In contrast, fellows from developing or resource-constrained nations—such as Laos, Nepal, or Papua New Guinea—faced more complex challenges in translating their training into actionable outcomes. Many of these participants noted institutional limitations, such as inadequate research infrastructure, low funding availability, and bureaucratic barriers that restricted the application of SFM principles. As one participant explained, “While the APFNet program improved my technical knowledge, I found limited institutional recognition for implementing these ideas after returning home.” Such reflections highlight that program impact is context-dependent, shaped by both individual motivation and systemic capacity within each fellow’s country. Cultural and linguistic differences also contributed to varying perceptions. Fellows proficient in English or Chinese generally described smoother integration into academic activities and collaborative projects, while others reported difficulty engaging fully due to communication barriers. These differences occasionally led to disparities in learning outcomes and social inclusion during the program period. Similarly, while some participants perceived the stipend as sufficient, others, particularly those supporting families or undertaking field research, found it financially restrictive—underscoring that satisfaction with financial support also varied across personal and economic contexts. These contrasting experiences underscore the importance of contextualizing fellowship outcomes within broader socio-economic and institutional realities. While APFNet successfully promotes capacity building and international cooperation, the extent to which fellows can implement acquired skills depends on their home countries’ infrastructure, policy frameworks, and professional networks. Recognizing this variation is essential for future program refinement. For instance, providing differentiated post-fellowship support—such as tailored mentoring, alumni funding opportunities, and collaborative country-based projects—could help bridge these contextual disparities. Overall, acknowledging these differing perspectives not only enhances the objectivity of the study but also emphasizes the adaptability and inclusiveness required for international fellowship programs to ensure equitable outcomes across diverse regional settings.

5.6. Impact of Practical Training Opportunities

One of the key strengths of the APFNet fellowship program lies in its emphasis on practical, experience-based learning. Beyond classroom instruction, participants benefited from a variety of field excursions, laboratory sessions, and applied research projects that bridged the gap between theory and practice. Many fellows noted that these hands-on experiences enhanced their understanding of SFM by allowing them to apply theoretical concepts to real-world forestry problems.

For instance, field-based training activities in forest inventory, biodiversity assessment, and ecosystem monitoring were repeatedly highlighted as instrumental in improving the technical competencies of participants. Exposure to China’s forest management models, community forestry projects, and reforestation programs provided valuable comparative insights that fellows could adapt within their home countries. Such immersive experiences also encouraged critical reflection on context-specific forest governance challenges, inspiring participants to adopt innovative, localized strategies for sustainability. In addition, fellows reported that engaging in group-based fieldwork cultivated collaborative problem-solving and interdisciplinary communication skills—key competencies in modern forestry. The program’s integration of academic courses with practical training thus represents a major contributing factor to its perceived success. However, some participants indicated that limited field access during the COVID-19 pandemic restricted the scope of hands-on learning. Expanding hybrid or post-program field modules could address such disruptions and ensure continuity of experiential learning opportunities in future fellowship cycles.

5.7. Program Support and Institutional Guidance

The APFNet fellowship’s success is also linked to the robust support systems and institutional guidance provided throughout the program. Fellows consistently acknowledged the responsiveness of university coordinators, faculty mentors, and APFNet administrators in facilitating academic, personal, and logistical needs. Academic mentorship, in particular, was cited as a critical factor in shaping research direction of participants and strengthening their professional competence. For many participants, the individualized guidance provided by supervisors enhanced the quality of their research output and fostered greater confidence in scientific communication and project management. The presence of bilingual staff and international coordinators further eased cultural transitions, creating an inclusive learning environment that encouraged open dialog and mutual respect among fellows from diverse backgrounds. However, varying experiences were observed across universities. Some fellows reported limited academic supervision or delayed administrative support, particularly during the initial adjustment period. Addressing these inconsistencies through standardized orientation programs, enhanced mentorship training, and continuous progress monitoring would further improve the fellowship experience.

Overall, these findings underscore the fact that the effectiveness of the APFNet fellowship extends beyond curriculum design—it is equally shaped by the quality of mentorship, administrative responsiveness, and the institutional ecosystem supporting each fellow. Strengthening these components will ensure a more cohesive and empowering environment for future cohorts.

5.8. Recommendations for Future Action

Based on the feedback from the APFNet fellowship participants, several key areas for improvement and potential enhancements have been identified.

5.8.1. Enhancing Financial Support and Research Funding

Participants emphasized the need for improvements in financial support for PhD candidates, particularly in the form of extended scholarships and additional research funding. This would significantly aid data collection efforts and enhance the overall quality of their theses. Suggestions included increasing the scholarship amounts, providing research grants, and offering dedicated travel funding to support fieldwork, especially for those in need of field data collection. Additionally, improvements in practical services, such as facilitating bank card issuance, streamlining health examination access, and ensuring timely stipend disbursement, were also highlighted. While the APFNet Fellowship Program has contributed to fellows’ professional development, many participants reported that financial constraints hindered their ability to fully engage in research and field activities. Future iterations of the program should consider increasing the monthly stipend to better meet the costs associated with living and conducting research in China. Furthermore, the introduction of research grants or travel funding specifically for fellows should be prioritized to support the practical application of their academic learning.

5.8.2. Curriculum Enhancement and Knowledge-Sharing Opportunities

Participants proposed expanding the program to include majors such as climate systems and natural disasters, which are highly relevant to sustainable forestry. Master’s students expressed a need for more advanced and specialized courses, including advanced statistics and thesis writing, to build on the foundational ecology content. To enhance practical experience, an internship program during or after graduation was suggested, offering students the opportunity to build real-world capabilities. Additionally, there was a call for more opportunities for alumni to engage in both online and in-person SFM programs. A suggestion was made to host a conference for current and past ASP students to share their research findings and foster knowledge exchange. Language barriers, particularly in meeting Chinese language requirements, were identified as a significant challenge for many fellows. To address this, it was recommended that APFNet provide enhanced language training before the fellowship begins, as well as ongoing linguistic support throughout the program. This would include Chinese language courses for non-native speakers and support for fellows from diverse linguistic backgrounds to improve communication with professors, peers, and local communities.

5.8.3. Accessibility, Outreach, and Institutional Support

Participants emphasized the importance of attracting students from a broader range of backgrounds and collaborating with diverse government and educational institutions. There was a strong call for expanding the number of scholarships, particularly for PhD and postdoctoral studies. Promoting the scholarship program more widely in underdeveloped countries was seen as essential, along with establishing dedicated contact points in different countries to recommend potential students. While fellows generally expressed satisfaction with the mentorship provided, some noted delays and inconsistencies in administrative and academic support. To improve the fellowship experience, it was suggested that APFNet standardize the mentorship process and enhance coordination between fellows, academic institutions, and program administrators. Regular check-ins and progress monitoring were recommended to ensure fellows receive the necessary support for successful research completion. Many fellows from developing countries reported that their APFNet-acquired expertise was not sufficiently recognized by their home institutions, which limited their ability to apply their knowledge in forest management practices. To address this, APFNet should explore partnerships with home institutions and collaborate with local governments and agencies to create policy frameworks that recognize and support the value of APFNet certification and training when fellows return to their countries.

5.8.4. Expand Post-Fellowship Support and Career Development

To maximize the long-term impact of the program, APFNet should develop stronger post-fellowship support mechanisms. This could include creating an alumni network for ongoing collaboration, mentorship, and knowledge-sharing. Additionally, providing fellows with access to career development resources, such as job placement assistance and research funding opportunities, would help them transition into leadership roles in SFM more effectively. While the APFNet Fellowship Program is highly regarded for its short-term training outcomes, future evaluations should focus more on long-term sustainability metrics. This includes tracking fellows’ contributions to forest conservation, policy-making, and the implementation of SFM practices over time. Measuring the tangible ecological outcomes of fellows’ work, such as forest restoration and the adoption of sustainable forestry techniques, will provide a clearer picture of the program’s broader impact.

5.8.5. Establish Comparative Evaluation Frameworks

Future evaluations of the APFNet Fellowship Program should incorporate objective performance indicators and comparative frameworks. By tracking fellows’ post-program contributions, such as policy involvement, research publications, and the application of sustainable forestry practices in their home countries, APFNet can better assess the program’s impact on global forest governance. This approach could also facilitate comparisons with other similar international programs, offering a more comprehensive understanding of APFNet’s unique contributions to SFM.

5.8.6. Strengthening the Research Ecosystem Through Dissemination and Publication

A key recommendation for enhancing the APFNet Fellowship Program is to strengthen the research ecosystem through the active dissemination and publication of scientific findings. This can be achieved by encouraging fellows to publish their research in national and international journals, present at conferences, and contribute to seminars or booklets containing technical guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). Such initiatives are vital for sharing knowledge and research outcomes, ensuring that the latest advancements in SFM practices are accessible to a global audience. As evidenced by the response from participants, this approach not only supports the academic growth of fellows but also contributes to the global body of knowledge on forest conservation. By fostering a culture of publication and knowledge-sharing, APFNet can ensure that the work of its fellows has a far-reaching impact, promoting the adoption of sustainable forestry practices worldwide. This recommendation aligns with the broader goal of expanding the program’s reach and enhancing its long-term contributions to global forest governance and sustainable development.

In summary, to further boost the APFNet fellowship program, several key actions emerge: Flexibility needs a boost through extension options for unforeseen circumstances. Research funding, particularly for Master’s and PhD students, could significantly enhance thesis quality. Updating course offerings with advanced options like statistics and thesis writing workshops, along with piloting an internship program, would refine academic and practical skills. Fostering knowledge exchange through alumni events and a potential research conference would be invaluable. Broadening the program’s reach through targeted outreach in developing countries and collaborations with diverse institutions would attract a wider pool of talent. Maintaining contact points in different countries and continuously monitoring and improving overall program quality and support services would ensure the program’s continued excellence. By embracing these actions, APFNet can solidify its role as a driving force for sustainable forestry development in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.

6. Conclusions

This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of the APFNet Fellowship Program, assessing its effectiveness in building capacity for SFM in the Asia-Pacific region. The findings demonstrate that the program significantly enhances knowledge and skills of participants in forest conservation, with quantitative results showing a statistically significant improvement in the abilities of fellows to address sustainable development challenges. The majority of participants reported high satisfaction with the program’s relevance to their professional goals, with an overwhelming majority recognizing the value of the training provided. However, the study also highlights several challenges faced by the fellows, including financial constraints, language barriers, and issues with institutional support. Despite these challenges, participants demonstrated resilience and a strong commitment to applying their training to improve forest management practices in their home countries. These insights suggest that while the program has successfully empowered a new generation of forest conservationists, there are areas for improvement to enhance the overall experience and success of fellows. The findings underscore the importance of continued investment in capacity-building initiatives like the APFNet Fellowship Program. Addressing the identified challenges—such as increasing stipends, improving language support, and enhancing post-program career support—could further strengthen the program’s impact. Additionally, this study lays the groundwork for future research that can track the long-term effects of the fellowship program on global forest governance and sustainable development. By integrating objective performance metrics and comparative research, future evaluations can provide more robust insights into the program’s contribution to forest conservation on a global scale.