A Three-Day Forest-Bathing Retreat Enhances Positive Affect, Vitality, Optimism, and Gratitude: An Option for Green-Care Tourism in Italy?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Aims
2. Guiding Concepts
2.1. The Role of Nature in Experiential Tourism
2.2. Forest Bathing as a Transformative Practice with Potential for Tourism and Sustainability
2.2.1. Emotions
2.2.2. Vitality
2.2.3. Optimism
2.2.4. Gratitude
3. Materials, Methods, and Procedures
3.1. Participants
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)
3.2.2. Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS)
3.2.3. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) Scale
3.2.4. Gratitude (GQ-6)
3.3. Procedure of the Retreat
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Limitations
5.2. Perspectives
5.3. Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Forest-Bathing Retreat | Forest Type | Number of Participants |
---|---|---|---|
Pollino National Park | FBR1 | Beech forest | 8 |
FBR2 | 5 | ||
Adamello Brenta National Park | FBR3 | Conifers (fir, larch, pine) | 4 |
Monti Sibillini National Park | FBR4 | Chestnut forest | 16 |
FBR5 | 3 | ||
Nebrodi National Parks | FBR6 | Mixed beech forest with oak, maple, fir | 5 |
FBR7 | 3 |
Variable | Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Subjective Vitality | 0.957 | 0.096 |
Gratitude | 0.971 | 0.335 |
Optimism | 0.847 | <0.001 |
Effect (Pleasure) | 0.944 | 0.032 |
Effect (Arousal) | 0.906 | 0.002 |
Effect (Dominance) | 0.916 | 0.004 |
Variable | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | Paired-Sample t-Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | p | |
Subjective Vitality | 4.74 | 1.03 | 5.60 | 1.02 | 3.88 | <0.001 |
Gratitude | 5.25 | 0.99 | 5.86 | 0.87 | 6.58 | <0.001 |
Variable | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test | |||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Z | p | |
Optimism | 15.75 | 3.84 | 17.61 | 3.74 | 3.24 | 0.001 |
Valence | 2.79 | 0.68 | 3.55 | 0.72 | 4.23 | <0.001 |
Arousal | 2.96 | 0.89 | 3.47 | 1.10 | 2.38 | 0.017 |
Dominance | 3.36 | 0.82 | 4.00 | 0.70 | 3.69 | <0.001 |
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Guardini, B.; Secco, L.; Moè, A.; Pazzaglia, F.; De Mas, G.; Vegetti, M.; Perrone, R.; Tilman, A.; Renzi, M.; Rapisarda, S. A Three-Day Forest-Bathing Retreat Enhances Positive Affect, Vitality, Optimism, and Gratitude: An Option for Green-Care Tourism in Italy? Forests 2023, 14, 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071423
Guardini B, Secco L, Moè A, Pazzaglia F, De Mas G, Vegetti M, Perrone R, Tilman A, Renzi M, Rapisarda S. A Three-Day Forest-Bathing Retreat Enhances Positive Affect, Vitality, Optimism, and Gratitude: An Option for Green-Care Tourism in Italy? Forests. 2023; 14(7):1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071423
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuardini, Beatrice, Laura Secco, Angelica Moè, Francesca Pazzaglia, Giovanna De Mas, Matteo Vegetti, Rocco Perrone, Ann Tilman, Manuela Renzi, and Stefania Rapisarda. 2023. "A Three-Day Forest-Bathing Retreat Enhances Positive Affect, Vitality, Optimism, and Gratitude: An Option for Green-Care Tourism in Italy?" Forests 14, no. 7: 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071423