Tropical Forest Microclimatic Changes: Hurricane, Drought, and 15–20 Year Climate Trend Effects on Elevational Gradient Temperature and Moisture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Data Collection
Elev (m) | Map ID | Site Name | Vegetation a | Open Air Temp DV b % Missing c,d | Air Temp DV b % Missing c,d | Soil Temp DV b % Missing c,d | Precip DV b from Obs with Interval ≥ 3 wks d | Soil Moist DV b % Missing c,d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 6 | Palmas del Mar | freshw riparian | 20 | 24 | 21 | 10 | - |
2 | 7 | Sabana Seca | mangrove | 19 | 33 | 41 | 17 | - |
freshw riparian | 34 | 44 | - | |||||
2 | 5 | Humacao | freshw riparian | 12 | 54 | 59 | 11 | - |
4 | 21 | Ceiba Wet | mangrove | - | 20 | 28 | - | - |
4 | 2 | Las Cabezas Wet | mangrove | 14 | 21 | 25 | 18 | - |
11 | 3 | Ceiba Dry North | semi-evg dry | 16 | 11 | 17 | 15 | 26 |
12 | 4 | Ceiba Dry South | semi-evg dry | 14 | 19 | 21 | 14 | - |
13 | 8 | Ford | semi-evg moist | 15 | 21 | 23 | 13 | - |
34 | 10 | Jardin Botánico | semi-evg moist | 12 | 23 | 19 | 11 | - |
35 | 1 | Las Cabezas Dry | semi-evg dry | 12 | 31 | 21 | 19 | - |
95 | 9 | Saint Just | semi-evg moist | 18 | 21 | 24 | 20 | - |
265 | 11 | Sabana 4/Bisley | tabonuco evg | 12 | 20 | 24 | 20 | - |
401 | 12 | El Verde | tabonuco evg | 12 | 17 | 27 | 12 | 28 |
520 | 13 | Rio Grande | tabonuco evg | 13 | 18 | 26 | 10 | - |
644 | 14 | UPR Nido | palm brake | 13 | 18 | 17 | 32 | - |
765 | 16 | Pico del Este Lower | colorado evg | 15 | 19 | 18 | 16 | - |
784 | 17 | El Toro | colorado evg | 13 | 18 | 23 | 11 | 27 |
801 | 16 | 16 | - | |||||
843 | 22 | Pico del Este Mid | palm brake | - | 17 | 24 | - | - |
912 | 15 | Mount Britton | palm brake | 20 | 23 | 23 | 15 | - |
991 | 19 | Pico del Oeste | cloud elfin | 14 | 16 | 14 | 23 | - |
996 | 18 | Pico del Este Upper | cloud elfin | 14 | 18 | 18 | 15 | - |
1045 | 20 | El Yunque | cloud elfin | 15 | 23 | 19 | 18 | 37 |
2.2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temperature Results
Type of Statistic a | Open Air Temp Daily Max | Canopy Air Temp Daily Max | Canopy Soil Temp Daily Max | Open Air Temp Daily Median | Canopy Air Temp Daily Median | Canopy Soil Temp Daily Median | Open Air Temp Daily Min | Canopy Air Temp Daily Min | Canopy Soil Temp Daily Min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual averages (°C) | −9.83x + 33.39 | −9.15x + 28.88 | −8.15x + 27.19 | −6.45x + 25.07 | −6.21x + 24.33 | −6.29x + 24.68 | −5.12x + 22.59 | −5.18x + 22.41 | −5.84x + 23.69 |
Trend b before drought (°C/yr) | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
Trend b before hurricanes (°C/yr) | −0.01 | 0.10 | 0.10x + 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
Trend b whole record (°C/yr) | 0.13x + 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||||
Drought peak effect (°C) | −2.31x + 4.40 | ||||||||
Drought effect length (yr) | 1.64 | ||||||||
Hurricane peak effect (°C) | −2.97x + 6.08 | 2.91 | 0.77 | 0.69 | −0.56x + 0.84 | 0.43 | |||
Hurricane effect length (yr) | 4.73 | 3.90x + 3.20 | 0.42 | 1.70 | 0.18 | 0.71 |
3.2. Precipitation and Soil Moisture Results
Type of Statistic a | Open Precip Wettest Months | Canopy Soil Moist Wettest Months | Open Precip All Months | Canopy Soil Moist All Months | Open Precip Driest Months | Canopy Soil Moist Driest Months |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual averages (water b) | 8.62x + 7.41 | 0.50 | 7.27x + 4.86 | 0.45 | 6.16x + 2.58 | 0.40 |
Trend c before drought (water b/yr) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Trend c before hurricanes (water b/yr) | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
Trend c whole record (water b/yr) | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Drought peak effect (water b) | −4.53x − 6.14 | 0.24x − 0.35 | −5.82x − 5.84 | −0.22 | −4.53x − 1.82 | −0.16 |
Drought effect length (yr) | 1.78 | 2.47 | 3.45 | 3.25 | 2.15 | 0.56x + 1.84 |
Hurricane peak effect (water b) | −0.14x + 0.15 | −0.18x + 0.21 | 0.16 | |||
Hurricane effect length (yr) | 0.33 | 3.89 | 1.33 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Van Beusekom, A.E.; González, G.; Rivera, M.M. Tropical Forest Microclimatic Changes: Hurricane, Drought, and 15–20 Year Climate Trend Effects on Elevational Gradient Temperature and Moisture. Forests 2023, 14, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020325
Van Beusekom AE, González G, Rivera MM. Tropical Forest Microclimatic Changes: Hurricane, Drought, and 15–20 Year Climate Trend Effects on Elevational Gradient Temperature and Moisture. Forests. 2023; 14(2):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020325
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Beusekom, Ashley E., Grizelle González, and María M. Rivera. 2023. "Tropical Forest Microclimatic Changes: Hurricane, Drought, and 15–20 Year Climate Trend Effects on Elevational Gradient Temperature and Moisture" Forests 14, no. 2: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020325
APA StyleVan Beusekom, A. E., González, G., & Rivera, M. M. (2023). Tropical Forest Microclimatic Changes: Hurricane, Drought, and 15–20 Year Climate Trend Effects on Elevational Gradient Temperature and Moisture. Forests, 14(2), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020325