Academic Success, Emotional Intelligence, Well-Being and Resilience of First-Year Forestry Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Emotional Intelligence and Emotions
1.2. Well-Being and Resilience
1.3. Students’ Performance and Relationships with Teachers
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Tools
- Emotional Intelligence Scale (IE) [13] is a rating scale to assess self-rated ability EI, with 33 items, using a five-point response scale (5—strongly agree to 1—strongly disagree) and Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. Emotional intelligence comprises four subscales: perception of emotions, optimism/mood regulation/managing own emotions, social skills/managing others’ emotions and use of emotions [64].
- Well-Being Scale from the Workplace PERMA-profiler is based on Seligman’s well-being theory [33]. We used negative emotions and all five scales of Well-being, which measures flourishing in terms of accomplishment, engagement, meaning, positive emotion, relationships, and one item focused on general happiness. The items use a 10-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 10 (always) to 1 (never). This scale has 16 items, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for overall well-being is 0.85. This instrument has been used to measure well-being in a youth sample [65]. In our study, well-being is used as an antecedent of academic success not as its dimension, because it was measured at the beginning of the study program.
- Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) [42] measures the degree of individual resilience and uses a Likert-type scale that ranges from 1 to 5, the higher score indicating a greater agreement with the statement. The three factors, Perseverance, Reflecting and Adaptive help-seeking and Negative affect and emotional response can be combined to represent a unitary global academic resilience. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients are as follows: F1—0.83, F2—0.78, F3—0.80 and 0.90 for global scale.
- Dropout Intention Scale with three items [66] use a 7-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree) (i.e., ‘I sometimes feel unsure about continuing my studies year after year.’) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is 0.86, and a high score indicates high dropout intention.
- The Scale of Perception of Barriers to Completion of Study has 10 items (i.e., ‘College is boring’) and Cronbach’s alpha is 0.79. The items focus on the negative emotions in the higher education setting, students’ external obligations and family difficulties, or the desire to become financially self-sufficient/independent. This scale uses a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 5 (Very true for me) to 1 (Not true for me), and high scores show greater threats or cost to the completion.
- Relationships with high school teacher scale measures the students’ perception of the past education experience (i.e., ‘I am not fully understood by my teachers in high school’) and uses a 5-point Likert-type scale that ranges from 1 (Almost never) to 5 (Almost always). Cronbach’s alpha is 0.84 for three items, and high scores show positive relationships.
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Academic Success and EI
3.2. Academic Success and Emotions, Well-Being and Resilience
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender Differences
4.2. Differences Depending on Achievement and Persistence/Dropout Intention
4.3. Correlates of Students’ Performance and Dropout Intention
4.4. Explaining the Students’ Performance and Dropout Intention
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. ECTS at the end of 1st year | 54.99 | 7.60 | 1 | ||||||||||
2. Dropout intention at the beginning of first year | 6.32 | 3.02 | −0.16 ** | 1 | |||||||||
3. GPA faculty admission | 7.39 | 0.88 | 0.39 ** | −0.11 * | 1 | ||||||||
4. Expected GPA first year | 7.57 | 0.91 | 0.31 ** | −0.24 ** | 0.38 ** | 1 | |||||||
5. Perception of the barriers to completion of study | 20.17 | 6.88 | −0.22 ** | 0.55 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.28 ** | 1 | ||||||
6. Perception of emotions | 35.29 | 5.4 | −0.01 | −0.20 ** | −0.01 | 0.09 | −0.25 ** | 1 | |||||
7. Optimism/mood regulation. Managing own emotions | 33.57 | 5.29 | −0.04 | −0.24 ** | −0.05 | 0.13 * | −0.26 ** | 0.67 ** | 1 | ||||
8. Social skills/Managing others’ emotion | 29.34 | 4.81 | 0.03 | −0.25 ** | 0.06 | 0.20 ** | −0.27 ** | 0.69 ** | 0.65 ** | 1 | |||
9. Utilization of emotions | 23.66 | 4.03 | 0.07 | −0.18 ** | 0.11 * | 0.16 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.62 ** | 1 | ||
10. EI—overall score | 122.0 | 16.89 | −0.01 | −0.25 ** | 0.03 | 0.14 * | −0.30 ** | 0.87 ** | 0.88 ** | 0.86 ** | 0.83 ** | 1 | |
11. Relationships with high school teachers | 8.00 | 3.78 | −0.25 ** | 0.08 | −0.14 * | −0.15 ** | 0.20 ** | −0.07 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.18 ** | −0.07 | 1 |
Variables | Gender | Mean | Std. Dev. | t and p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECTS | M | 54.15 | 7.92 | 3.41 *** | 0.42 |
F | 57.12 | 6.3 | |||
Dropout intention | M | 6.7 | 4.26 | 3.8 *** | 0.42 |
F | 5.17 | 2.96 | |||
GPA faculty admission | M | 7.26 | 0.84 | −5.11 *** | 0.62 |
F | 7.79 | 0.88 | |||
Expected GPA first year | M | 7.5 | 0.95 | 2.6 ** | 0.34 |
F | 7.79 | 0.75 | |||
Perception of the barriers to completion | M | 20.89 | 7.1 | 3.98 *** | 0.48 |
F | 17.84 | 5.56 | |||
Perception the emotions | M | 35.12 | 5.6 | −1.12/ns | 0.14 |
F | 35.82 | 4.73 | |||
Optimism/Managing own emotions | M | 33.58 | 5.34 | 0.07/ns | 0.01 |
F | 33.54 | 5.16 | |||
Social skills/Managing others’ emotions | M | 28.9 | 4.91 | −3.004 ** | 0.39 |
F | 30.67 | 4.25 | |||
Utilization of emotions | M | 23.41 | 4.13 | −2.096 * | 0.27 |
F | 24.45 | 3.68 | |||
Overall emotional intelligence | M | 121.17 | 17.4 | −1.48/ns | 0.20 |
F | 124.49 | 15.13 | |||
Relationships with high school teachers | M | 8.16 | 3.77 | 1.39/ns | 0.17 |
F | 7.50 | 3.81 |
Dependent Variable | (I) | (J) | Mean Difference (I–J) | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dropout intention | 3.00 | 1.00 | −2.84 | 0.61 | 0.000 |
2.00 | −1.44 | 0.46 | 0.005 | ||
GP faculty admission | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0.000 |
2.00 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.000 | ||
Expected GPA first year | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 0.002 |
2.00 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.000 | ||
Barriers to completion of study | 3.00 | 1.00 | −4.6 | 1.02 | 0.000 |
2.00 | −3.09 | 0.85 | 0.001 | ||
Utilization of emotions | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.39 | 0.49 | 0.015 |
Relationships with high school teachers | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.96 | 0.46 | 0.000 |
3.00 | 2.3 | 0.38 | 0.000 |
Variables | Conditions at the End of 1st Year | Mean | Std. Dev. | t | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECTS | Students who dropout | 32.86 | 11.7 | 5.1 ** | 2.38 |
Students who persist | 55.52 | 6.7 | |||
Dropout intention | Students who dropout | 8.18 | 4.8 | 3.81 *** | 0.54 |
Students who persist | 5.87 | 3.7 | |||
GPA faculty admission | Students who dropout | 7.01 | 0.83 | 4.15 *** | 0.51 |
Students who persist | 7.48 | 0.86 | |||
Expected GPA first year | Students who dropout | 7.37 | 1.0 | 2.06 * | 0.27 |
Students who persist | 7.62 | 0.88 | |||
Perception of barriers to completion of study | Students who dropout | 23.05 | 7.3 | 3.8 *** | 0.51 |
Students who persist | 19.49 | 6.6 |
Dependent Variables | ECTS at the End of the First Year (R3* = 0.20) | Dropout Intention at the Beginning of the First Year (R3* = 0.34) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Independent Variables | Coefficients | t | Sig. | Part corr. | Coefficients | t | Sig. | Part Corr. | ||
B | Beta | B | Beta | ||||||||
1 | (Constant) | 52.2 | 39.9 | 0.000 | 7.9 | 0.000 | |||||
Gender | 2.5 | 0.16 | 2.6 | 0.009 | 0.16 | −1.4 | −0.15 | −0.15 | 0.006 | −0.15 | |
2 | (Constant) | 24.1 | 5.7 | 0.000 | 14 | 0.000 | |||||
Gender | 1.1 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 0.25 | 0.06 | −1.2 | −0.13 | −0.13 | 0.023 | −0.13 | |
GPA faculty admission | 2.4 | 0.28 | 4.7 | 0.000 | 0.26 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Expected GPA first year | 1.6 | 0.19 | 3.2 | 0.002 | 0.18 | −0.8 | −0.19 | −0.19 | 0.001 | −0.19 | |
3 | (Constant) | 29.7 | 6.5 | 0.000 | 4.3 | 0.05 | |||||
Gender | 1.02 | 0.06 | 1.13 | 0.26 | 0.06 | −0.2 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.62 | −0.02 | |
GPA faculty admission | 2.2 | 0.26 | 4.4 | 0.000 | 0.24 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Expected GPA first year | 1.4 | 0.17 | 2.8 | 0.005 | 0.15 | −0.18 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.41 | −0.04 | |
Relationships with high school teachers | −0.34 | −0.17 | −3.1 | 0.002 | −0.17 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Perception of the barriers to completion of study | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.000 | 0.48 | |
Managing others’ emotions/social skills | - | - | - | - | - | −0.09 | −0.11 | −0.10 | 0.03 | −0.10 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. ECTS | 1 | |||||||||||||||
2. Dropout intention at the beginning of the first year | −0.15 * | 1 | ||||||||||||||
3. GPA_faculty_admission | 0.46 ** | −0.17 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||
4. Expected GPA | 0.33 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.38 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
5. Barriers to completion | −0.26 ** | 0.53 ** | −0.23 ** | −0.28 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
6. Positive emotions- PERMA | −0.05 | −0.31 ** | 0.03 | 0.11 | −0.38 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
7. Engagement—PERMA | 0.16* | −0.26 ** | 0.14 * | 0.15 * | −0.37 ** | 0.40 ** | 1 | |||||||||
8. Relationships—PERMA | −0.04 | −0.20 ** | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.32 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.26 ** | 1 | ||||||||
9. Meaning—PERMA | −0.09 | −0.38 ** | 0.05 | 0.13 * | −0.38 ** | 0.72 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.49 ** | 1 | |||||||
10. Accomplishment—PERMA | 0.11 | −0.35 ** | 0.08 | 0.18 ** | −0.47 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.42 ** | 1 | ||||||
11. Well-being total score—PERMA | 0.001 | −0.37 ** | 0.05 | 0.17 * | −0.46 ** | 0.81 ** | 0.69 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.74 ** | 1 | |||||
12.Negative emotions—PERMA | 0.10 | −0.14 * | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 1 | ||||
13. Perseverance—ASR | −0.05 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.13 * | −0.14 * | 0.22 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.2 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.4 ** | 0.37 ** | −0.09 | 1 | |||
14. Reflecting and adaptive-help seeking—ASR | −0.07 | −0.18 * | 0.05 | 0.12 * | −0.25 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.46 ** | −0.7 | 0.61 ** | 1 | ||
15. Negative affect and emotional response—ASR | −0.14 * | 0.26 ** | −0.05 | −0.16 * | 0.29 ** | −0.13 * | −0.25 ** | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.33 ** | −0.22 ** | 0.16 * | −0.04 | −0.16 * | 1 | |
16. Academic resilience total score—ASR | −0.13 * | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.20 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.17 * | 0.26 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.04 | 0.81 ** | 0.75 ** | 0.43 ** | 1 |
Mean | 54.99 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 20.2 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 21.3 | 120.1 | 17.5 | 45.8 | 31.4 | 17.9 | 95.3 |
SD | 7.6 | 4.03 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 20.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 12 |
Dependent Variable | (I) 3, 2, 1 | (J) 3, 2, 1 | Mean Difference (I−J) | Std. Error | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engagement—PERMA | 3.00 | 1.00 | 2.7 | 0.94 | 0.015 |
2.00 | 2.48 | 0.64 | 0.000 | ||
Accomplishment—PERMA | 3.00 | 1.00 | 2.51 | 1.06 | 0.055 |
2.00 | 2.13 | 0.66 | 0.004 | ||
Negative emotions and emotional response—ASR | 3.00 | 1.00 | −2.9 | 1.20 | 0.049 |
2.00 | −3.27 | 0.93 | 0.002 |
Variables | Factor | Mean | Std. Dev. | t | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engagement | Students who dropout | 19.62 | 5.39 | 1.91(ns) | 0.31 |
Students who persist | 21.12 | 4.39 | |||
Meaning | Students who dropout | 21.66 | 5.99 | 2.09 * | 0.40 |
Students who persist | 23.72 | 4.14 |
Dropout Intention (R*(4) = 0.35) | ECTS at the End of the First Year R*(4) = 0.29 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Coefficients | t | Sig. | Part Corr | Coefficients | t | Sig. | Part Corr | |||
B | Beta | B | Beta | ||||||||
1 | (Constant) | 7.6 | 8.7 | 0.000 | 49.83 | 26.26 | 0.000 | ||||
Gender | −1.27 | −0.14 | −1.9 | 0.058 | −0.14 | 3.87 | 0.23 | 2.79 | 0.006 | 0.23 | |
2 | (Constant) | 14.59 | 6.2 | 0.000 | 18.90 | 3.08 | 0.003 | ||||
Gender | −0.96 | −0.11 | −1.47 | 0.144 | −0.11 | 2.23 | 0.14 | 1.72 | 0.088 | 0.13 | |
GPA admission | - | - | - | - | - | 2.92 | 0.34 | 4.15 | 0.000 | 0.32 | |
Expected GPA first year | −0.98 | −0.23 | −3.16 | 0.002 | −0.23 | 1.53 | 0.18 | 2.18 | 0.031 | 0.17 | |
3 | (Constant) | 4.22 | 1.78 | 0.077 | 25.99 | 3.72 | 0.000 | ||||
Gender | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.926 | −0.01 | 1.83 | 0.11 | 1.41 | 0.161 | 0.11 | |
GPA admission | - | - | - | - | - | 2.83 | 0.33 | 4.06 | 0.000 | 0.31 | |
Expected GPA first year | −0.57 | −0.13 | −2.1 | 0.037 | −0.13 | 1.25 | 0.14 | 1.76 | 0.081 | 0.13 | |
Barriers to completion of study | 0.3 | 0.53 | 8.29 | 0.000 | 0.51 | −0.19 | −0.16 | −2.05 | 0.043 | −0.15 | |
4 | (Constant) | 4.54 | 1.8 | 0.073 | 39.09 | 4.52 | 0.000 | ||||
Gender | −0.022 | −0.002 | −0.04 | 0.969 | −0.002 | 2.00 | 0.12 | 1.57 | 0.118 | 0.12 | |
GPA admission | - | - | - | - | - | 2.76 | 0.32 | 4.03 | 0.000 | 0.30 | |
Expected GPA first year | −0.53 | −0.12 | −1.98 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 1.22 | 0.14 | 1.75 | 0.082 | 0.13 | |
Barriers to completion of study | 0.27 | 0.49 | 7.39 | 0.001 | 0.45 | −0.21 | −0.18 | −2.29 | 0.023 | −0.17 | |
Negative emotions—PERMA | −0.08 | −0.13 | −2.08 | 0.04 | −0.13 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Negative affect and emotional response—ASR | 0.07 | 0.12 | 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Academic resilience—total score ARS | - | - | - | - | - | −0.13 | −0.19 | −2.48 | 0.014 | −0.18 |
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Năstasă, L.E.; Cocoradă, E.; Vorovencii, I.; Curtu, A.L. Academic Success, Emotional Intelligence, Well-Being and Resilience of First-Year Forestry Students. Forests 2022, 13, 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050758
Năstasă LE, Cocoradă E, Vorovencii I, Curtu AL. Academic Success, Emotional Intelligence, Well-Being and Resilience of First-Year Forestry Students. Forests. 2022; 13(5):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050758
Chicago/Turabian StyleNăstasă, Laura Elena, Elena Cocoradă, Iosif Vorovencii, and Alexandru Lucian Curtu. 2022. "Academic Success, Emotional Intelligence, Well-Being and Resilience of First-Year Forestry Students" Forests 13, no. 5: 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050758
APA StyleNăstasă, L. E., Cocoradă, E., Vorovencii, I., & Curtu, A. L. (2022). Academic Success, Emotional Intelligence, Well-Being and Resilience of First-Year Forestry Students. Forests, 13(5), 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050758