The Carbon Sink of Mangrove Ecological Restoration between 1988–2020 in Qinglan Bay, Hainan Island, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. RS Landsat Imagery Data
2.2.2. Carbon Pool Data Extraction
2.3. Decoding and Extraction of RS Data
2.4. The InVEST Carbon Storage and Sequestration Model
3. Results
3.1. Extraction of RS Imageries and Land Use Data
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of LUCC in Qinglan Bay Mangrove Wetland
3.3. Estimation of Mangrove Carbon Stocks in Qinglan Bay Based on InVEST Model
3.4. Carbon Stock Distribution and Spatial Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Keating, M. Bridging research and policy. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2021, 11, 1003. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, G. Global Change, Carbon Cycle and Storage in Terrestrial Ecosystem; China Meteorological Press: Beijing, China, 2003; pp. 26–60. ISBN 7502935983. [Google Scholar]
- Li, H. Analysis on the Object of Coastal Blue Carbon Right and Its Legal Attributes. J. China Univ. Geosci. 2020, 20, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, H.; Han, G. Carbon Cycle and “Blue Carbon” Potential in China’s Coastal Zone. Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci. 2016, 31, 1218–1225. [Google Scholar]
- Rastogi, R.P.; Gupta, D.K.; Phulwaria, M. Mangroves: Ecology, Biodiversity and Management; Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.: Singapore, 2021; pp. 16–52. ISBN 978981162494-0. [Google Scholar]
- Mcleod, E.; Chmura, G.L.; Bouillon, S.; Salm, R.; Björk, M.; Duarte, C.M.; Lovelock, C.E.; Schlesinger, W.H.; Silliman, B.R. A blueprint for blue carbon: Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2011, 7, 362–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alongi, D.M. Impacts of Climate Change on Blue Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Mangrove Forests. Forests 2022, 13, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; Tang, J.; Ye, S.; Liu, J. Blue Carbon Sink Function of Chinese Coastal Wetlands and Carbon Neutrality Strategy. Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci. 2021, 36, 241–251. [Google Scholar]
- Fang, F.; Li, Z.; Gui, H. Investigation and Research on Current Situation of Mangrove in Hainan. Trop. For. 2022, 50, 42–49. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Q.; Sui, S. The mangrove wetland resources and their conservation in China. J. Nat. Resour. 2005, 13, 28–36. [Google Scholar]
- Tu, Z.; Chen, X.; Zhang, J.; Wu, J.; Chen, M.; Wang, D. Current Status of Coastal Wetland Resources in Hainan Island and Strategies for Protection. Wetl. Sci. Manag. 2014, 10, 49–52. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, L.; Huang, S. Research on Mangrove Resources and Communities in Sanya. Nat. Sci. J. Hainan Univ. 2004, 22, 70–74. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Liao, B.; Zhang, Q. Area, Distribution and Species Composition of Mangroves in China. Wetland Sci. 2014, 12, 435–440. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, X.; Zhang, T.; Tan, R. The Studies on Current Status and Pre-Warning Mechanism of Mangroves in Hainan. J. Jiangxi Norm. Univ. 2018, 42, 236–241. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Houghton, R.A.; Nassikas, A.A. Global and regional fluxes of carbon from land use and land cover change 1850–2015. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2017, 31, 456–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, J.; Yue, T.; Liu, J.; Xiang, B.; Kuang, W. Land-cover changes of national nature reserves in China. J. Geogr. Sci. 2013, 23, 258–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donato, D.C.; Kauffman, J.B.; Murdiyarso, D.; Kurnianto, S.; Stidham, M.; Kanninen, M. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4, 293–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miteva, D.A.; Murray, B.C.; Pattanayak, S.K. Do protected areas reduce blue carbon emissions? A quasi-experimental evaluation of mangroves in Indonesia. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 119, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Liao, B. The Research Status of Ecological Restoration Technology of Mangrove Wetlands in China. Bull. Natl. Nat. Sci. Found. China 2022, 36, 412–419. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Jia, M.M.; Wang, Z.M.; Mao, D.H.; Huang, C. Spatial-temporal changes of China’s mangrove forests over the past 50 years: An analysis towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Chin. Sci. Bull 2021, 66, 3886–3901. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.; Yu, W.; Chen, G.; Zheng, X.; Huang, H.; Hu, W.; Ma, Z. Coastal wetland restoration: An overview. J. Appl. Oceanogr. 2019, 38, 464–473. [Google Scholar]
- Ishil, T.; Tateda, Y. Leaf area index and biomass estimation for mangrove plantation in Thailand. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA, 20–24 September 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.; Y Anthony, G.; Wang, S.; Liu, K.; Liu, X.; Xian, J.; Chen, X.; He, Z.; Qin, C. Estimating Mangrove Wetland Biomass Using Radar Remote Sensing. J. Remote Sens. 2006, 10, 387–396. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, L.; Guo, Z.; Li, Z. Carbon storage and carbon sink of mangrove wetland: Research progress. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2013, 24, 1153–1159. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, M.; Wu, H.; Jia, H.; Zhu, L.; Dong, T.; He, P.; Yang, Q. Temporal and spatial evolution and prediction of carbon stocks in Yili Valley based on MCE-CA-Markov and InVEST models. J. Agric. Resour. Environ. 2021, 38, 1010–1019. [Google Scholar]
- Parman, R.P.; Kamarudin, N.; Faridah Hanum, I.; Nuruddin, A.A.; Omar, H.; Abdul Wahab, Z. Geostatistical Analysis of Mangrove Ecosystem Health: Mapping and Modelling of Sampling Uncertainty Using Kriging. Forests 2022, 13, 1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, P.; Han, M.; Tang, D.; Zhou, X.; Huang, W.; Huang, C. The characteristics of plastic pollution of Qinglan Port along the mangrove coast to realize resources and environmental conservation. J. Nat. Resour. 2022, 37, 1061–1072. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X. Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Reserves in Guangxi and Comparion Study with Some Provinces in China. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2014, 34, 1247–1253, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Xin, K.; Yan, K.; Li, Z.; Hu, J.; Qiu, M. Distribution of soil organic carbon in mangrove wetlands of Hainan island and its influencing factors. Acta Pedol. Sin. 2014, 51, 1078–1086. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Hou, H.; Dai, E.; Zhang, M. A Review on InVEST Model for the Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Function. J. Cap. Norm. Univ. 2018, 39, 62–67. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Sensors | Date | Band | Line No. | Resolution |
---|---|---|---|---|
TM | December 1988, April 1993, August 1998, June 2003, December 2008 | 46 | 123 | 30 m |
OLI | December 2013, April 2018, May 2020 |
Land Types | Above-Ground Organisms | Underground Organisms | Soil | Dead Organic Matters |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mangrove | 67.95 | 29.85 | 341.33 | 3.9 |
Forest | 26.5 | 0 | 30.9 | 0 |
Aquaculture | 0 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 |
Constructed land | 4.8 | 0 | 23.3 | 0 |
Samples | Jeffries–Matusita, Transformed Divergence |
---|---|
Mangrove | Forest: (1.99964123 1.99999989) Aquaculture: (1.99995880 2.00000000) Water: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Constructed Land: (1.99995791 2.00000000) |
Forest | Mangrove: (1.99964123 1.99999989) Aquaculture: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Water: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Constructed Land: (1.99999665 2.00000000) |
Aquaculture | Mangrove: (1.99995880 2.00000000) Forest: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Water: (1.90403571 2.00000000) Constructed Land: (1.97534302 1.99831364) |
Water | Mangrove: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Forest: (2.00000000 2.00000000) Aquaculture: (1.90403571 2.00000000) Constructed Land: (1.99999579 2.00000000) |
Construction Land | Mangrove: (1.99995791 2.00000000) Forest: (1.99999665 2.00000000) Aquaculture: (1.97534302 1.99831364) Water: (1.99999579 2.00000000) |
Land Use | 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mangrove | 1559.34 | 1619.28 | 1466.19 | 1019.61 | 805.5 | 602.01 | 849.33 | 737.37 |
Forest | 4428.36 | 4461.03 | 5379.12 | 3533.67 | 4585.86 | 5049.18 | 5097.33 | 4804.65 |
Aquaculture | 1153.35 | 1020.15 | 1747.08 | 1982.52 | 2926.98 | 3031.65 | 2474.46 | 2214.72 |
Water | 4306.86 | 3286.35 | 3249.63 | 2928.15 | 3044.97 | 2962.53 | 2683.08 | 3127.32 |
Constructed Land | 2377.53 | 3438.18 | 1983.15 | 4361.31 | 2461.95 | 2179.98 | 2721.15 | 2940.57 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jia, P.; Huang, W.; Zhang, Z.; Cheng, J.; Xiao, Y. The Carbon Sink of Mangrove Ecological Restoration between 1988–2020 in Qinglan Bay, Hainan Island, China. Forests 2022, 13, 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101547
Jia P, Huang W, Zhang Z, Cheng J, Xiao Y. The Carbon Sink of Mangrove Ecological Restoration between 1988–2020 in Qinglan Bay, Hainan Island, China. Forests. 2022; 13(10):1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101547
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Peihong, Weida Huang, Zhouyao Zhang, Jiaxuan Cheng, and Yulong Xiao. 2022. "The Carbon Sink of Mangrove Ecological Restoration between 1988–2020 in Qinglan Bay, Hainan Island, China" Forests 13, no. 10: 1547. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101547