Ecological Land Protection or Carbon Emission Reduction? Comparing the Value Neutrality of Mainstream Policy Responses to Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Procedure
2.2. Data and Study Area
2.3. Relative Climate Index (RCI)
2.4. Entropy Weight Method
2.5. Tapio Decoupling Model
2.6. Difference-in-Difference Model
3. Results
3.1. Model Construction
3.2. Parametric Estimation
3.3. Robustness Test: Climate Zones
3.4. Robustness Test: Time Effects
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | Subsystem | Index | Description (Unit) | Effect | Entropy | Redundancy | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate Condition (C) | Temporal | LEN | Length of periods with suitable climate (Month) | Positive | 0.976 | 0.024 | 0.169 |
Spatial | AREA | Coverage rate of areas with suitable climate (%) | Positive | 0.891 | 0.109 | 0.767 | |
Inequality | INEQ | Theil Index (Range: [0, 1]) | Negative | 0.991 | 0.009 | 0.065 | |
Socio-economic Condition (S) | Finance | FE | Fiscal expenditure per capita (10,000 RMB) | Positive | 0.939 | 0.061 | 0.063 |
RC | Resident consumption level per capita (RMB) | Positive | 0.929 | 0.071 | 0.073 | ||
GRP | Real GDP per capita (RMB) | Positive | 0.943 | 0.057 | 0.059 | ||
DI | Disposable and discretionary income (RMB) | Positive | 0.925 | 0.075 | 0.078 | ||
Population | PU | Proportion of urban population (%) | Positive | 0.964 | 0.036 | 0.037 | |
SE | Social employees in enterprises, and institutions (%) | Positive | 0.925 | 0.075 | 0.077 | ||
PI | Private enterprises and individual employees (%) | Positive | 0.912 | 0.088 | 0.091 | ||
PD | Population density (Person/km2) | Positive | 0.944 | 0.056 | 0.057 | ||
Society | CU | Number of students in colleges and universities (Person/100,000 population) | Positive | 0.975 | 0.025 | 0.026 | |
IT | Receiving international tourists (Millions of people) | Positive | 0.939 | 0.061 | 0.062 | ||
CP | Collection of public libraries (Volumes/10,000 population) | Positive | 0.859 | 0.141 | 0.146 | ||
MH | Medical and health institutions (Units/10,000 population) | Positive | 0.961 | 0.039 | 0.040 | ||
Space | BA | Urban built-up area (%) | Positive | 0.956 | 0.044 | 0.046 | |
CL | Construction land (km2/10,000 population) | Positive | 0.904 | 0.096 | 0.099 | ||
GC | Green coverage rate of built-up area (%) | Positive | 0.990 | 0.010 | 0.010 | ||
RA | Road area (m2/person) | Positive | 0.965 | 0.035 | 0.036 |
Coupling Degree | Value of φ | Definition |
---|---|---|
1 | (−∞, −10.412] | Decoupling |
2 | (−10.412, −7.629] | |
3 | (−7.629, −0.480] | |
4 | (−0.480, 0] | |
5 | (0, 0.156] and (30.091, +∞] | Relative coupling |
6 | (0.156, 0.289] and (19.743, 30.091] | |
7 | (0.289, 0.424] and (3.237, 19.743] | |
8 | (0.424, 0.520] and (1.832, 3.237] | |
9 | (0.520, 0.8) and (1.2, 1.832] | |
10 | [0.8, 1.2] | Coupling |
Policy | Main Contents | Starting Time | Experimental Sites |
---|---|---|---|
Low Carbon Province (LCP) | (1) Establishing the low-carbon industrial system; (2) Constructing the greenhouse gas emission dataset and management system | 2010 | Hubei, Yunnan |
Low Carbon Community (LCC) | (1) Building zero-carbon architectures; (2) Utilizing new low-carbon energy sources; (3) Popularizing environmental-friendly building materials | 2012 | Chongqing |
Ecological Civilization Construction (ECC) | (1) Improving forest coverage; (2) Increasing forest resource reserves; (3) Restoring the function of wetland ecosystem | 2015 | Guizhou |
Ecosystem Protection and Restoration (EPR) | (1) Constructing national park (2) Strengthening forest and river ecosystem protection (Yangtze river) (3) Restoring biodiversity of forest and river ecosystem | 2016 | Sichuan |
Variables | Definition | Min. | Mean | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCI | Change rate of climate condition index | −2.084 | −0.108 | 0.633 |
CI | Climate condition index | 0.430 | 1.008 | 1.623 |
CSEI | Change rate of socio-economic index | −0.268 | 0.096 | 0.421 |
SEI | Socio-economic index | 0.086 | 0.288 | 0.799 |
CPR | Coupling index after reclassification | 0 | 5.343 | 10 |
LCP | Dummy variable of policy of Low Carbon Province (0, 1) | 0 | 0.162 | 1 |
LCC | Dummy variable of policy of Low Carbon Community (0, 1) | 0 | 0.061 | 1 |
ECC | Dummy variable of policy of The Construction of Ecological Civilization (0, 1) | 0 | 0.061 | 1 |
EPR | Dummy variable of policy of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration Program (0, 1) | 0 | 0.000 | 1 |
PLA | Variable that determines whether an area is located in Plateau Climate Zone | 0 | 0.091 | 1 |
SUB | Variable that determines whether an area is located in Subtropics Climate Zone | 0 | 0.727 | 1 |
WAR | Variable that determines whether an area is located in Warm Climate Zone | 0 | 0.182 | 1 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LCP | 3.111 | 2.611 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
(1.848) | (1.596) | |||||||
LCC | — | — | 2.900 | 3.121 * | — | — | — | — |
(1.915) | (2.189) | |||||||
ECC | — | — | — | — | 3.567 * | 3.725 ** | — | — |
(2.381) | (2.639) | |||||||
EPR | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.386 * | 4.255 ** |
(2.577) | (2.649) | |||||||
CCI | — | 1.181 ** | — | 1.289 ** | — | 1.313 ** | — | 1.222 ** |
(3.510) | (3.897) | (4.025) | (3.776) | |||||
CI | — | 0.233 | — | 0.107 | — | 0.035 | — | 0.216 |
(0.456) | (0.222) | (0.074) | (0.444) | |||||
CSEI | — | −0.830 | — | 0.074 | — | 0.723 | — | 1.355 |
(−0.262) | (0.023) | (0.267) | (0.509) | |||||
SEI | — | −0.413 | — | 0.249 | — | 0.553 | — | −0.239 |
(−0.239) | (0.174) | (0.394) | (−0.164) | |||||
(Intercept) | 6.778 ** | 6.305 ** | 5.667 ** | 5.672 ** | 5.467 ** | 5.435 ** | 5.414 ** | 5.288 ** |
(10.016) | (5.513) | (15.201) | (6.556) | (20.963) | (7.382) | (22.386) | (7.190) | |
R2 | 0.059 | 0.173 | 0.049 | 0.198 | 0.069 | 0.227 | 0.066 | 0.210 |
Variables | (9) | (10) | (11) |
---|---|---|---|
PLA | −0.336 | — | — |
(−0.455) | |||
SUB | — | −0.275 | — |
(−0.614) | |||
WAR | — | — | 0.563 |
(1.063) | |||
CCI | 1.268 ** | 1.258 ** | 1.276 ** |
(3.8726) | (3.806) | (3.872) | |
CI | 0.250 | 0.144 | 0.197 |
(0.502) | (0.297) | (0.412) | |
CSEI | 0.683 | 0.549 | 0.566 |
(0.253) | (0.203) | (0.211) | |
SEI | −0.406 | −0.294 | −0.658 |
(−0.277) | (−0.207) | (−0.450) | |
(Intercept) | 5.310 ** | 5.565 ** | 5.315 ** |
(7.039) | (6.373) | (7.086) | |
R2 | 0149 | 0.150 | 0.157 |
Variables | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POLICY A1 | 1.901 | — | 2.412 | — | 2.691 | — |
(1.1.50) | (1.745) | (1.877) | ||||
POLICY A2 | — | −1.503 | — | 1.964 | — | 1.687 |
(−0.686) | (1.428) | (1.188) | ||||
DCL | 1.286 ** | 1.207 ** | 1.340 ** | 1.212 ** | 1.360 ** | 1.386 ** |
(3.761) | (3.556) | (3.847) | (3.683) | (4.072) | (3.934) | |
CL | 1.622 | 0.127 | 0.014 | 0.076 | 0.225 | 0.220 |
(0.330) | (0.257) | (0.029) | (0.155) | (0.456) | (0.439) | |
DURB | 0.597 | 0.202 | 0.184 | −0.052 | 0.169 | 0.367 |
(0.190) | (0.064) | (0.064) | (−0.017) | (0.061) | (0.123) | |
URB | 0.077 | −0.007 | 0.427 | 0.246 | 0.032 | 0.057 |
(0.053) | (−0.005) | (0.299) | (0.172) | (0.022) | (0.038) | |
(Intercept) | 5.441 ** | 5.490 ** | 5.575 ** | 5.572 ** | 5.512 ** | 5.517 ** |
(5.815) | (4.941) | (7.213) | (6.912) | (7.324) | (7.065) | |
R2 | 0.164 | 0.157 | 0.194 | 0.180 | 0.192 | 0.172 |
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Ren, Y.; Fan, T. Ecological Land Protection or Carbon Emission Reduction? Comparing the Value Neutrality of Mainstream Policy Responses to Climate Change. Forests 2021, 12, 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121789
Ren Y, Fan T. Ecological Land Protection or Carbon Emission Reduction? Comparing the Value Neutrality of Mainstream Policy Responses to Climate Change. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121789
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Yujie, and Tianhui Fan. 2021. "Ecological Land Protection or Carbon Emission Reduction? Comparing the Value Neutrality of Mainstream Policy Responses to Climate Change" Forests 12, no. 12: 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121789