Short-Term Effects of Cover Grass on Soil Microbial Communities in an Apple Orchard on the Loess Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Experimental Design
2.2.1. Grass Cover Intensity
2.2.2. Soil Sampling and Grass Collection
2.2.3. Soil Microbial Community and Soil Properties
2.2.4. Cover Grass Chemical Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis of Data
3. Results
3.1. Cover Grass and Soil Properties
3.2. Microbial Communities
3.3. Relationships between Cover Grass, Soil Properties and Microbial Communities
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Soil Characteristics after Cover Grass Treatment over the Short Term
4.2. Soil Microbial Community during Cover Grass Treatment
4.3. Effects of Soil Properties and Cover Grass on Microbial Communities
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | No Cover (0%) | Low-Intensity Cover (20%) | Moderate-Intensity Cover (40%) | Moderate-Intensity Cover (60%) | High-Intensity Cover (80%) | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil physical properties | |||||||
Soil temperature/°C | 14.85 ± 1.63 a | 15.18 ± 1.47 a | 15.03 ± 1.40 a | 15.46 ± 1.82 a | 16.09 ± 1.98 a | 0.418 | 0.794 |
Soil water content/% | 20.32 ± 1.51 a | 19.73 ± 0.72 a | 20.73 ± 3.20 a | 19.80 ± 1.79 a | 19.07 ± 0.67 a | 0.589 | 0.674 |
Soil chemical properties | |||||||
pH | 7.86 ± 0.13 a | 8.12 ± 0.09 a | 8.00 ± 0.18 a | 8.05 ± 0.19 a | 8.11 ± 0.16 a | 2.363 | 0.088 |
SOC (g·kg−1) | 11.84 ± 0.73 a | 11.59 ± 0.81 a | 10.79 ± 0.64 a | 10.83 ± 0.94 a | 11.39 ± 0.99 a | 1.555 | 0.225 |
TN (g·kg−1) | 1.14 ± 0.10 a | 0.98 ± 0.07 b | 0.97 ± 0.09 b | 0.94 ± 0.08 b | 0.93 ± 0.11 b | 4.377 | 0.011 |
AN (mg·kg−1) | 54.04 ± 14.96 a | 40.32 ± 4.24 b | 41.16 ± 7.11 b | 36.96 ± 2.34 b | 35.00 ± 4.08 b | 4.400 | 0.010 |
TP (g·kg−1) | 1.25 ± 0.16 a | 1.23 ± 0.07 a | 1.21 ± 0.09 a | 1.13 ± 0.10 a | 1.26 ± 0.24 a | 0.629 | 0.647 |
AP (mg·kg−1) | 49.08 ± 21.96 a | 37.78 ± 11.87 a | 34.12 ± 5.47 a | 28.36 ± 15.64 a | 37.10 ± 9.81 a | 1.439 | 0.258 |
TK (g·kg−1) | 21.60 ± 0.19 a | 21.60 ± 0.20 a | 21.59 ± 0.31 a | 21.14 ± 0.57 a | 21.18 ± 0.21 a | 2.660 | 0.063 |
AK (mg·kg−1) | 499.40 ± 301.72 a | 392.40 ± 67.45 a | 368.60 ± 72.38 a | 373.60 ± 182.91 a | 323.20 ± 59.45 a | 0.805 | 0.557 |
MBC (mg·kg−1) | 37.99 ± 13.97 a | 39.13 ± 19.41 a | 44.38 ± 16.76 a | 32.86 ± 6.16 a | 40.46 ± 14.02 a | 0.402 | 0.805 |
MBN (mg·kg−1) | 6.17 ± 1.23 a | 9.38 ± 6.06 a | 8.60 ± 3.65 a | 6.68 ± 2.58 a | 9.40 ± 0.88 a | 0.985 | 0.438 |
Cover grass | |||||||
GC (g·kg−1) | -- | 421.01 ± 19.81 a | 421.43 ± 18.57 a | 408.19 ± 37.52 a | 415.25 ± 25.1 a | 0.276 | 0.842 |
GN (g·kg−1) | -- | 17.23 ± 3.04 a | 14.65 ± 2.51 a | 15.83 ± 1.20 a | 17.26 ± 3.27 a | 1.046 | 0.399 |
GP (g·kg−1) | -- | 2.96 ± 0.36 a | 2.36 ± 0.39 a | 2.43 ± 0.30 a | 2.78 ± 0.49 a | 2.651 | 0.084 |
Indicators | No Cover (0%) | Low-Intensity Cover (20%) | Moderate-Intensity Cover (40%) | Moderate-Intensity Cover (60%) | High-Intensity Cover (80%) | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial | |||||||
Observed species | 419 ± 4 a | 417 ± 9 a | 419 ± 5 a | 414 ± 6 a | 414 ± 10 a | 0.562 | 0.693 |
Chao index | 1728.18 ± 10.32 a | 1746.13 ± 8.83 a | 1731.33 ± 25.37 a | 1720.29 ± 9.84 a | 1739.18 ± 14.34 a | 2.199 | 0.106 |
Shannon index | 6.24 ± 0.13 a | 6.43 ± 0.09 a | 6.30 ± 0.28 a | 6.24 ± 0.15 a | 6.39 ± 0.09 a | 1.440 | 0.257 |
ACE index | 1718.95 ± 11.21 a | 1731.13 ± 14.05 a | 1723.38 ± 22.62 a | 1710.08 ± 7.99 a | 1729.71 ± 13.23 a | 1.711 | 0.187 |
Number of OTUs | 1651 ± 6 a | 1694 ± 23 a | 1678 ± 13 a | 1661 ± 10 a | 1671 ± 54 a | 1.777 | 0.173 |
Fungi | |||||||
Observed species | 46 ± 5 a | 45 ± 7 a | 47 ± 9 a | 48 ± 4 a | 45 ± 6 a | 0.192 | 0.939 |
Chao index | 307.34.08 ± 41.84 a | 286.94 ± 67.80 a | 310.10 ± 63.43 a | 308.69 ± 38.02 a | 312.87.10 ± 59.25 a | 0.177 | 0.948 |
Shannon index | 3.46 ± 0.28 a | 3.89 ± 0.37 a | 3.62 ± 0.36 a | 3.53 ± 0.47 a | 3.37 ± 0.27 a | 1.520 | 0.234 |
ACE index | 312.29 + 35.84 a | 302.51 + 60.43 a | 345.37 + 25.17 a | 311.62 + 40.00 a | 315.24 + 58.33 a | 0.631 | 0.646 |
Number of OTUs | 284 ± 51.40 a | 265 ± 62 a | 264 ± 80a | 271 ± 53 a | 279 ± 59 a | 0.096 | 0.983 |
Bacteria | Fungi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RDA1 | RDA2 | r2 | p | RDA1 | RDA2 | r2 | p | |
T | 0.991 | 0.128 | 0.113 | 0.282 | 0.083 | −0.996 | 0.105 | 0.272 |
SWC | −0.991 | −0.128 | 0.036 | 0.648 | 0.309 | −0.951 | 0.004 | 0.950 |
pH | 0.918 | −0.395 | 0.623 | 0.001 *** | 0.540 | −0.841 | 0.077 | 0.407 |
AN | −0.670 | 0.742 | 0.347 | 0.007 ** | −0.238 | 0.971 | 0.034 | 0.657 |
TN | −0.872 | 0.488 | 0.366 | 0.007 ** | 0.363 | 0.931 | 0.096 | 0.305 |
TP | −0.452 | 0.891 | 0.052 | 0.577 | −0.275 | 0.961 | 0.285 | 0.019 * |
TK | −0.710 | 0.703 | 0.203 | 0.069 | 0.150 | 0.988 | 0.337 | 0.010 ** |
AP | −0.984 | 0.177 | 0.279 | 0.029 * | −0.172 | 0.985 | 0.452 | 0.005 ** |
AK | −0.946 | 0.322 | 0.372 | 0.011 * | −0.421 | 0.906 | 0.250 | 0.047 * |
SOC | −0.905 | 0.423 | 0.262 | 0.036 * | 0.157 | 0.987 | 0.237 | 0.046 * |
MBC | 0.674 | 0.737 | 0.062 | 0.501 | 0.519 | −0.854 | 0.108 | 0.273 |
MBN | 0.821 | 0.569 | 0.085 | 0.355 | 0.980 | −0.196 | 0.395 | 0.015 * |
GB | 0.784 | −0.620 | 0.092 | 0.337 | −0.996 | −0.087 | 0.102 | 0.294 |
GC | 0.783 | −0.620 | 0.285 | 0.034 * | 0.246 | −0.969 | 0.104 | 0.303 |
GN | 0.855 | −0.517 | 0.242 | 0.053 | 0.589 | −0.807 | 0.062 | 0.506 |
GP | 0.762 | −0.647 | 0.317 | 0.018 * | 0.681 | −0.731 | 0.037 | 0.643 |
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Wan, P.; He, R. Short-Term Effects of Cover Grass on Soil Microbial Communities in an Apple Orchard on the Loess Plateau. Forests 2021, 12, 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121787
Wan P, He R. Short-Term Effects of Cover Grass on Soil Microbial Communities in an Apple Orchard on the Loess Plateau. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121787
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Pan, and Ruirui He. 2021. "Short-Term Effects of Cover Grass on Soil Microbial Communities in an Apple Orchard on the Loess Plateau" Forests 12, no. 12: 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121787