Contrasts in Top Soil Infiltration Processes for Degraded vs. Restored Lands. A Case Study at the Perijá Range in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Measurements
2.2.1. Vegetation Sampling
2.2.2. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
2.2.3. Dye Tracer Experiments
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Space for Time Approach Not Applicable
4.2. Topsoil Properties and Vegetation Characteristics
4.3. Infiltration Characteristics and Implications for Runoff Processes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | AR | DL | RF |
---|---|---|---|
Ks (mm h−1) | 240 ± 212 a | 40 ± 34 b | 324 ± 173 a |
BD (g cm−3) | 1.11 ± 0.16 a | 1.24 ± 0.06 a | 1.18 ± 0.06 a |
θi (cm3 cm−3) | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a |
θf (cm3 cm−3) | 0.36 ± 0.29 a | 0.27 ± 0.09 a | 0.19 ± 0.04 b |
Canopy cover (%) | 50 ± 7 a | - | 80 ± 10 b |
Vegetation height (m) | 5 ± 2 a | - | 6 ± 4 a |
Diameter at breast height (cm) | 33 ± 17 a | - | 62 ± 48 b |
Total number of trees | 34 | - | 23 |
Variable | AR | DL | RF |
---|---|---|---|
Total stained area (cm2) | 1320 ± 707 a | 927 ± 379 b | 1133 ± 254 ab |
Maximum stain area (cm2) | 837 ± 786 a | 233 ± 223 b | 528 ± 290 ab |
Maximum stained fraction (-) | 0.63 ± 0.16 a | 0.53 ± 0.14 a | 0.58 ± 0.10 a |
Amount of stains (-) | 4744 ± 3166 a | 2771 ± 2067 a | 4257 ± 1634 a |
Fraction of stains <2 cm width to total stained area [%] | 18.1 ± 21.6 a | 18.3 ± 15.5 a | 17.6 ± 7.0 a |
Fraction of stains >20 cm width to total stained area [%] | 68 ± 31.5 a | 40.4 ± 20.4 a | 61.5 ± 20.8 a |
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Lozano-Baez, S.E.; Domínguez-Haydar, Y.; Zwartendijk, B.W.; Cooper, M.; Tobón, C.; Di Prima, S. Contrasts in Top Soil Infiltration Processes for Degraded vs. Restored Lands. A Case Study at the Perijá Range in Colombia. Forests 2021, 12, 1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121716
Lozano-Baez SE, Domínguez-Haydar Y, Zwartendijk BW, Cooper M, Tobón C, Di Prima S. Contrasts in Top Soil Infiltration Processes for Degraded vs. Restored Lands. A Case Study at the Perijá Range in Colombia. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121716
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano-Baez, Sergio Esteban, Yamileth Domínguez-Haydar, Bob W. Zwartendijk, Miguel Cooper, Conrado Tobón, and Simone Di Prima. 2021. "Contrasts in Top Soil Infiltration Processes for Degraded vs. Restored Lands. A Case Study at the Perijá Range in Colombia" Forests 12, no. 12: 1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121716