Drought Drives Growth and Mortality Rates in Three Pine Species under Mediterranean Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Field Sampling
2.3. Dendrochronological Analyses
2.4. Drought: Spatial and Temporal Patterns
2.5. Drought-Growth Relationships
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Drought Severity and Mortality Patterns
3.2. Drought-Growth Relationships
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Site (Code) | Latitude N | Longitude (−W, +E) | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Undergrowth Species 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinus sylvestris | Hereña (HE) | 42.77 | −2.92 | 580 | 11.0 | 852 | Qf, Qi, Jp |
Calomarde (CA) | 40.37 | −1.56 | 1340 | 12.2 | 390 | Qf, Jt, Jo | |
Corbalán (CO) | 40.28 | −0.78 | 1303 | 12.6 | 421 | Pn, Qf, Qi, Jp | |
Pinus pinaster | Orera (OR) | 41.31 | −1.45 | 884 | 13.2 | 405 | Qi |
Miedes (MI) | 41.27 | −1.43 | 963 | 12.8 | 418 | Qi, Au | |
Mora de Rubielos (MR) | 40.23 | −0.73 | 1186 | 12.2 | 462 | Qi, Pn, Jp, Jo | |
Pinus halepensis | Sierra de Luna (SL) | 41.98 | −0.84 | 493 | 13.4 | 485 | Jo, Jp, Qc, Pl |
Peñaflor (PE) | 41.78 | −0.72 | 375 | 15.5 | 376 | Jp, Jt |
Tree Species | Site | Basal Area (m2 ha−1) | Density (Ind. ha−1) | Mortality (%) | Dbh (cm) | No. Sampled Dead/Living Trees | Age at 1.3 m (years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. sylvestris | HE | 4.26 | 799 | 25.0 | 20.5 ± 1.7 | 2/30 | 107 ± 2 |
CA | 6.20 | 784 | 37.1 | 25.0 ± 1.5 | 9/13 | 133 ± 5 | |
CO | 4.00 | 126 | 95.0 | 27.3 ± 1.0 | 38/57 | 138 ± 6 | |
P. pinaster | OR | 6.32 | 779 | 50.0 | 28.3 ± 0.9 | 17/16 | 87 ± 2 |
MI | 5.73 | 791 | 41.2 | 21.7 ± 1.3 | 15/15 | 82 ± 2 | |
MR | 2.05 | 608 | 21.1 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | 2/22 | 85 ± 6 | |
P. halepensis | SL | 2.12 | 577 | 26.3 | 12.8 ± 2.4 | 13/13 | 53 ± 3 |
PE | 4.50 | 179 | 44.0 | 32.3 ± 1.4 | 26/14 | 78 ± 5 |
Species | Site | Status | Basal Area Increment (cm2) | Tree-Ring Width (mm) | First-Order Autocorrelation | Mean Sensitivity | rbar | Period with EPS > 0.85 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. sylvestris | CA | ND | 2.91 ± 0.18 | 0.88 ± 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.371 | 0.51 | 1845–2019 |
D | 3.54 ± 0.20 | 0.76 ± 0.46 | 0.66 | 0.400 | 0.50 | 1895–2019 | ||
CO | ND | 3.11 ± 0.17 | 1.01 ± 0.62b | 1.01 | 0.436 | 0.56 | 1844–2018 | |
D | 3.80 ± 0.14 | 0.71 ± 0.47a | 0.60 | 0.492 | 0.62 | 1838–2012 | ||
P. pinaster | OR | ND | 4.14 ± 0.21 | 1.24 ± 1.11 | 0.73 | 0.472 | 0.60 | 1920–2019 |
D | 4.85 ± 0.21 | 1.25 ± 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.452 | 0.63 | 1917–2016 | ||
MI | ND | 2.10 ± 0.11 | 0.88 ± 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.429 | 0.60 | 1921–2020 | |
D | 1.52 ± 0.07 | 0.74 ± 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.461 | 0.54 | 1921–2020 | ||
P. halepensis | PE | ND | 2.74 ± 0.13 | 1.08 ± 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.442 | 0.50 | 1946–2020 |
D | 2.17 ± 0.12 | 0.97 ± 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.447 | 0.49 | 1916–2015 | ||
SL | ND | 2.34 ± 0.12 | 1.13 ± 0.78 | 0.60 | 0.480 | 0.48 | 1969–2019 | |
D | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 0.96 ± 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.486 | 0.39 | 1966–2015 |
Species | Site | Intercept | Year | Dbh | Status | SPEI | SPEI × Status | Year × Status | Akaike Weight | R2m (%) | R2c (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. sylvestris | CA | −1.252 | 0.001 | 0.011 | −6.183 | 0.091 | – | 0.003 | 0.67 | 17.7 | 37.1 |
CO | 5.147 | −0.002 | – | −2.659 | 0.127 | −0.012 | 0.001 | 0.97 | 20.8 | 59.6 | |
P. pinaster | OR | 5.924 | −0.002 | 0.015 | −0.089 | 0.103 | −0.015 | – | 0.66 | 34.3 | 62.2 |
MI | 5.500 | −0.003 | 0.016 | −1.746 | 0.058 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.99 | 36.5 | 59.7 | |
P. halepensis | PE | 20.180 | −0.010 | – | – | 0.063 | – | – | 0.21 | 29.7 | 66.4 |
SL | 10.736 | −0.005 | – | −14.143 | 0.049 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.53 | 14.9 | 44.4 | |
All sites | – | 7.025 | −0.003 | 0.011 | −5.967 | 0.067 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.99 | 11.6 | 61.4 |
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Valeriano, C.; Gazol, A.; Colangelo, M.; Camarero, J.J. Drought Drives Growth and Mortality Rates in Three Pine Species under Mediterranean Conditions. Forests 2021, 12, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121700
Valeriano C, Gazol A, Colangelo M, Camarero JJ. Drought Drives Growth and Mortality Rates in Three Pine Species under Mediterranean Conditions. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121700
Chicago/Turabian StyleValeriano, Cristina, Antonio Gazol, Michele Colangelo, and Jesús Julio Camarero. 2021. "Drought Drives Growth and Mortality Rates in Three Pine Species under Mediterranean Conditions" Forests 12, no. 12: 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121700