Best Practices for Quasistatic Berkovich Nanoindentation of Wood Cell Walls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanoindentation Basics
2.1. Instrumentation
2.2. Contact Mechanics and Basic Load–Depth Trace Analysis
2.3. Structural Compliance Method
2.4. Load Functions and Testing Protocols
2.4.1. Pre-Nanoindentation
2.4.2. Load Functions
2.5. Considerations for Choosing Wood for Nanoindentation
2.6. Wood Specimen Preparation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Specimen Preparation
3.2. Nanoindentation
3.3. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4. Analysis Algorithm
4.1. Fused Silica Calibrations
4.2. Check Images of Residual Nanoindentation Impressions
4.3. Check Preliminary Load–Depth Trace
4.4. Pre-Nanoindentation Liftoff Analysis
4.5. Measure and Correct for Displacement Drift
4.6. Preliminary Analysis
4.7. Structural Compliance Method
4.8. Check for Surface Detection Errors
- J01/2 is constant.
- Both Es and H appear to increase or decrease with increasing nanoindentation size.
- The size effects in Es and H are stronger in the smaller nanoindentations.
- The size effect is stronger in H than in Es.
4.9. Compare to Independent Area Measurements
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Loading Cycle | Loading Segment (s) | Hold at P0 Segment (s) | Unloading Segment (s) | Hold at 30% P0 Segment (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.00 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
2 | 1.73 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
3 | 1.66 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
4 | 1.62 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
5 | 1.58 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
6 | 1.56 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
7 | 1.54 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
8 | 1.53 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
9 | 1.51 | 5 | 1.4 | 1 |
S2 | ||||||||||
Final A01/2 Range | Number of Unloading Segments 3 | Es | H | |||||||
Ave 4 | Std 5 | Ste 6 | Ave | Std | Ste | |||||
Bin | (μm) | N 1 | n 2 | (GPa) | (GPa) | (GPa) | (MPa) | (MPa) | (MPa) | |
1 | 0.33–0.5 | 25 | 100 | 3 to 5 | 18.9 | 11.0 | 1.15 | 376 | 28 | 3 |
2 | 0.5–0.75 | 20 | 128 | 5 to 7 | 15.7 | 1.7 | 0.15 | 375 | 19 | 2 |
3 | 0.75–1.0 | 12 | 88 | 7 to 8 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 0.12 | 391 | 21 | 2 |
4 | 1.0–1.25 | 13 | 112 | 8 | 15.9 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 381 | 17 | 2 |
5 | 1.25–1.53 | 15 | 129 | 8 to 9 | 15.7 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 375 | 15 | 1 |
CCML | ||||||||||
Final A01/2 Range | Number of Unloading Segments | Es | H | |||||||
Ave | Std | Ste | Ave | Std | Ste | |||||
Bin | (μm) | N | n | (GPa) | (GPa) | (GPa) | (MPa) | (MPa) | (MPa) | |
1 | 0.31–0.5 | 5 | 18 | 3 to 5 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 305 | 6 | 2 |
2 | 0.5–0.75 | 6 | 37 | 5 to 7 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 300 | 14 | 2 |
3 | 0.75–1.0 | 6 | 45 | 7 to 8 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 294 | 11 | 2 |
4 | 1.0–1.25 | 4 | 33 | 8 to 9 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 286 | 12 | 2 |
5 | 1.25–1.58 | 5 | 45 | 9 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 284 | 11 | 2 |
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Jakes, J.E.; Stone, D.S. Best Practices for Quasistatic Berkovich Nanoindentation of Wood Cell Walls. Forests 2021, 12, 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121696
Jakes JE, Stone DS. Best Practices for Quasistatic Berkovich Nanoindentation of Wood Cell Walls. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121696
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakes, Joseph E., and Donald S. Stone. 2021. "Best Practices for Quasistatic Berkovich Nanoindentation of Wood Cell Walls" Forests 12, no. 12: 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121696