Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Predisposing factors to which the trees are permanently exposed, such as harsh climatic conditions, edaphic changes and inadequate silvicultural practices;
- Aggravating factors which act during a short but intense period of exposure, including the action of defoliating insects such as the Lepidoptera Lymantria dispar (L.) and Tortrix viridana L. and insect borers such as C. undatus (our study subject);
- Contributing factors, which cause death of poor health or weakened trees, such as pathogenic fungi of the genus Phytophthora and Pythium.
- To provide a frame of reference that will allow to detect changes over time on the incidence and the distribution of C. undatus and R. grassei in the study area after the implementation of the restoration program;
- To establish differences in the trunk height and orientation selected to be attacked by each boring species;
- To discern if some environmental features (understory, solar orientation and orography) could influence the existence of damage caused by these insects;
- To determine if the presence of one of the trunk-boring species facilitates the infestation by the other one.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Sampling
- -
- Understory: Presence/absence of understory under the canopy;
- -
- Orientation: south (135–225°), north (315–45°), east (45–135°), west (225–315°), all the winds (if none of the above orientations dominated);
- -
- Orography (terrain slope): valley or hillside;
- -
- Diameter at breast height (DBH) obtained from the trunk perimeter measured at breast height (≈1.3 m) (Table 2);
- -
- Uncorking height.
2.3. Damages Quantification
- -
- Tree Damage Intensity (DI) defined according to the following expression [19]:
- -
- Plot Infestation Rate (PI): ∑ DI/n where n is the number of damaged trees in each sampling plot [33];
- -
- The percentage of damaged cork oaks (PD) in each sampling plot in relation to the total of sampled trees.
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Incidence of C. undatus and R. grassei
3.2. Selection of the Trunk Area to Be Attacked by C. undatus and R. grassei
3.3. Effect of the Environmental Features on Damage Caused by C. undatus and R. grassei
3.4. Coexistence of Damage Caused by Both Boring Species
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nomination | Code | Understory | Orientation | Orography | UTM Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesas Bajas | P1 | Present | All | Hillside | 30S03204190 |
Las Mesas | P2 | Present | All | Valley | 30S03204120 |
Cerro del trigo | P3 | Absent | All | Valley | 30S03214190 |
Llanos de Iglesia | P4 | Present | South | Hillside | 30S03204121 |
Los Baldíos | P5 | Present | East | Hillside | 30S03304122 |
Las Tonadas | P6 | Present | Southwest | Valley | 30S03504123 |
Loma de Jarales | P7 | Absent | S | Hillside | 30S03204199 |
Parralejo | P8 | Absent | Northwest | Valley | 30S03104326 |
MataRomán | P9 | Present | All | Hillside | 30S03204197 |
Navalcastaño | P10 | Absent | All | Hillside | 30S03254203 |
Los Lagares | P11 | Absent | All | Hillside | 30S03204190 |
Mezquitillas | P12 | Present | South | Valley | 30S03180190 |
Sampling Plot | Number of Trees | DBH ± SD | Estimated Age |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | 45 | 53.46 ± 12.96 | Mature tree |
P2 | 19 | 75.39 ± 19.06 | Aged tree |
P3 | 50 | 57.11 ± 20.13 | Mature tree |
P4 | 39 | 57.23 ± 13.19 | Mature tree |
P5 | 14 | 36.9 ± 12.07 | Mature tree |
P6 | 18 | 39.81 ± 12.68 | Mature tree |
P7 | 33 | 38.6 ± 12.08 | Mature tree |
P8 | 39 | 56.5 ± 17.98 | Mature tree |
P9 | 35 | 41.06 ± 24.12 | Mature tree |
P10 | 36 | 55.90 ± 23.01 | Mature tree |
P11 | 18 | 67.45±13.50 | Mature tree |
P12 | 35 | 39.81 ± 12.68 | Mature tree |
DI and PI | Damage Level |
---|---|
0 | Absent |
>0–0.5 | Very low |
>0.5–1.0 >1.0–1.5 | Low Medium |
>1.5–2 >2 | High Very high |
Coraebus undatus | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sampling Plot | PI ± SD | PD (%) | Damage Level |
P1 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P2 | 2.70 ± 0.371 | 58 | Very high |
P3 | 0.22 ± 0.430 | 30 | Very low |
P4 | 0.06 ± 0.206 | 6 | Very low |
P5 | 0.01 ± 0.030 | 4 | Very low |
P6 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P7 | 0.17 ± 0.454 | 34 | Very low |
P8 | 0.45 ± 0.626 | 66 | Very low |
P9 | 0.01 ± 0.061 | 4 | Very low |
P10 | 0.37 ± 0.520 | 56 | Very low |
P11 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P12 | 0.01 ± 0.008 | 2 | Very low |
Reticulitermes grassei | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sampling Plot | PI ± SD | PD (%) | Damage Level |
P1 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P2 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P3 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P4 | 0.006 ± 0.206 | 6 | Very low |
P5 | 0.241 ± 0.170 | 68 | Very low |
P6 | 0 | 0 | Absent |
P7 | 0.002 ± 0.012 | 2 | Very low |
P8 | 0.003 ± 0.015 | 4 | Very low |
P9 | 0.014 ± 0.060 | 8 | Very low |
P10 | 0.059 ± 0.152 | 20 | Very low |
P11 | 0.035 ± 0.068 | 25 | Very low |
P12 | 0.001 ± 0.009 | 2 | Very low |
No. Damaged Trees | Proportion of Damaged Trees (%) | DI (Mean ± SE) | |
---|---|---|---|
Height Level | |||
Level 1 | 119 | 63.29 | 0.52 (±0.07) b,c |
Level 2 | 142 | 75.53 | 0.82 (±0.10) a,b |
Level 3 | 131 | 69.68 | 0.95 (±0.12) a |
Level 4 | 87 | 46.37 | 0.55 (±0.08) c |
Orientation | |||
North | 119 | 63.29 | 0.63 (±0.08) |
South | 135 | 71.8 | 0.70 (±0.09) |
East | 119 | 63.29 | 0.78 (±0.10) |
West | 117 | 62.23 | 0.72 (±0.10) |
No. Damaged Trees | Proportion of Damaged Trees (%) | DI (Mean ± SE) | |
---|---|---|---|
Height Level | |||
Level 1 | 15 | 68.18 | 0.101 (±0.03) |
Level 2 | 14 | 63.63 | 0.090 (±0.03) |
Level 3 | 8 | 36.36 | 0.060 (±0.03) |
Level 4 | 4 | 18.18 | 0.015 (±0.01) |
Orientation | |||
North | 9 | 40.9 | 0.064 (±0.03) |
South | 13 | 59.1 | 0.098 (±0.03) |
East | 6 | 27.3 | 0.045 (±0.02) |
West | 8 | 36.4 | 0.060 (±0.02) |
Model-3 (C. undatus) | Model-4 (R. grassei) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | denDF | F-Value | p-Value | denDF | F-Value | p-Value |
Undergrowth | 98 | 0.52 | 0.4726 | 39 | 0.11 | 0.7406 |
Orientation | 98 | 0.42 | 0.7972 | 39 | 0.12 | 0.9938 |
Orography | 98 | 0.33 | 0.5682 | 39 | 0.23 | 0.6368 |
Trunk perimeter | 98 | 0.53 | 0.4668 | 39 | 0.34 | 0.5636 |
Uncorking height | 98 | 0.35 | 0.5551 | 39 | 0.04 | 0.8497 |
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Cárdenas, A.M.; Toledo, D.; Gallardo, P.; Guerrero-Casado, J. Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests. Forests 2021, 12, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111501
Cárdenas AM, Toledo D, Gallardo P, Guerrero-Casado J. Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests. Forests. 2021; 12(11):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111501
Chicago/Turabian StyleCárdenas, Ana M., Dafne Toledo, Patricia Gallardo, and José Guerrero-Casado. 2021. "Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests" Forests 12, no. 11: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111501
APA StyleCárdenas, A. M., Toledo, D., Gallardo, P., & Guerrero-Casado, J. (2021). Assessment and Distribution of Damages Caused by the Trunk-Boring Insects Coraebus undatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Reticulitermes grassei Clément (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Mediterranean Restored Cork-Oak Forests. Forests, 12(11), 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111501