Understanding of Forest Cover Dynamics in Traditional Landscapes: Mapping Trajectories of Changes in Mountain Territories (1824–2016), on the Example of Jeleniogórska Basin, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Material
2.3. Land Cover Dynamics, Time Depth, and Trajectory Type Change
3. Results
3.1. Forest Cover Trajectory Types
3.2. Dynamics of Land Cover between 1824 and 2016
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- To consider the possibility of preserving or restoring traditional coppice structure on agricultural land, with characteristic small and medium-sized tree plantings on hill tops that will contribute to emphasizing the nature of former parkland, preserving biodiversity, and boosting visual attractiveness, all of which are of importance to the tourist development of the region.
- To make use of traditional knowledge about forest management and structure when formulating optimum solutions for adapting to climate changes in the coming years.
- To shape the optimum structure for forest and agricultural landscapes to improve the quality of life of inhabitants and to provide conditions for the development of local ecological agriculture, agrotourism, and recreation.
- To undertake interdisciplinary and suprasectoral cooperation with the involvement of representatives of various scientific circles, institutions, and government authorities, as well as local communities, which will contribute to making use of knowledge about the history and cultural values of forests for purposes related to spatial planning and forest and nature management plans.
- To promote interdisciplinary studies aimed at identifying and classifying the biocultural heritage of agricultural and forest areas.
- To promote initiatives aimed at popularizing the history of traditional land use in the region among the local community members, which is of particular importance in the case of Lower Silesia, which experienced population exchange after 1945.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Year | Scale | Source |
Topographic map (Urmesstischblatt) | T1: 1824 | 1:25,000 | Berlin State Library, Germany |
Topographic map (Messtischblatt) | T2: 1886 | 1:25,000 | Berlin State Library, Germany |
Topographic map (Messtischblatt) | T3: 1939 | 1:25,000 | Berlin State Library, Germany |
Orthophoto map | T4: 1994 | - | Provincial Centre for Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation, Poland |
Orthophoto map | T5: 2016 | - | Head Office of Head Office of Land Surveying and Cartography, Poland |
Additional Sources of Data | Year | Scale | Source |
Aerial photo | 1937 | 1:25,000 | Herder Institute in Marburg, Germany |
Polish topographic map | 1998 | 1:10,000 | Provincial Centre for Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation |
Topographic Cartographic Database (BDOT10k) | 2013 | - | Head Office of Land Surveying and Cartography |
Forest Cover Trajectory Types | [%] | Description | Example * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Long-term stability | 16.4 | Long term forest cover without change | AAAAA |
2 | Single increase of forest cover from grassland | 3.1 | One point of change between forest and grassland; stable land cover before and after this point | BAAAA BBBAA |
3 | Single increase of forest cover from arable land | 14.4 | One point of change between forest and arable land with stable land cover before and after this point | CAAAA CCAAA |
4 | Dynamic increase of forest cover from mixed agricultural land | 6.1 | Many changes between many different land cover classes (grassland, arable land, and built-up area); no trend is strong enough | BCBBA BAACA |
5 | Cyclical increase of forest cover | 1.3 | Cyclical change rotation between forest and grassland or forest and arable land | ABBAA ACCAA |
6 | Single decrease of forest cover into grassland | 1.9 | One point of change between forest and grassland with stable land cover before and after this point | ABBBB AABBB |
7 | Dynamic decrease of forest cover into mixed agricultural land | 1.1 | Many changes between many different land cover classes (grassland, arable land, and built-up area); no trend is strong enough | ACBCC AACCB |
8 | Areas where occurrence of forest has never been recorded during the investigated period | 55.7 | Grassland, arable land or built up area | - |
Land Cover Type | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[ha] | [%] | [ha] | [%] | [ha] | [%] | [ha] | [%] | [ha] | [%] | ||
A | Forest cover | 1352.0 | 20.7 | 1798.8 | 27.50 | 1903.4 | 29.1 | 2345 | 35.9 | 2693 | 41.2 |
Coniferous | - | - | 686.3 | 10.5 | 764.7 | 11.7 | 119.9 | 1.8 | 113.3 | 1.7 | |
Deciduous | - | - | 218.0 | 3.3 | 205.6 | 3.1 | 307.5 | 4.7 | 555.5 | 8.5 | |
Mixed | - | - | 894.5 | 13.7 | 933.1 | 14.3 | 1917 | 29.3 | 2024 | 31.0 | |
B | Arable land | 4175.3 | 63.9 | 3175.1 | 48.6 | 3043.2 | 46.6 | 1277 | 19.5 | 1024 | 15.7 |
C | Grassland | 900.2 | 13.8 | 1236.1 | 18.9 | 1239.4 | 19.0 | 2355 | 36 | 2156 | 33.8 |
D | Built-up area | 112.5 | 1.7 | 324.23 | 5 | 350.6 | 5.36 | 562.1 | 8.6 | 607.9 | 9.3 |
Land Cover Type | T1–T2 | T2–T3 | T3–T4 | T4–T5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Forest cover | 7.21 | 1.97 | 8.02 | 15.85 |
Coniferous | - | 1.48 | −11.72 | −0.30 | |
Deciduous | - | −0.23 | 1.85 | 11.27 | |
Mixed | - | 0.73 | 17.89 | 4.88 | |
B | Arable land | −16.13 | −2.49 | −32.11 | −11.50 |
C | Grassland | 5.42 | 0.06 | 20.29 | −9.04 |
D | Built-up area | 3.42 | 0.50 | 3.85 | 2.08 |
Area in 1886 | ||||||||||||
Forests | Grassland | Arable Land | Built-Up Area | Total Area 1824 | Loss | |||||||
Area in 1824 | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % |
Forest | 1119.8 | 17.1 | 97.5 | 1.5 | 136.7 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1354.0 | 20.7 | 234.23 | 3.6 |
Grassland | 107.9 | 1.7 | 502.7 | 7.7 | 225.3 | 3.5 | 65.4 | 1.0 | 901.3 | 13.8 | 398.6 | 6.1 |
Arable land | 574.8 | 8.8 | 619.6 | 9.5 | 2768.3 | 42.4 | 214.0 | 3.3 | 4176.7 | 63.9 | 1408.4 | 21.5 |
Built-up area | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.8 | 0.3 | 48.0 | 0.7 | 45.0 | 0.7 | 110.9 | 1.7 | 65.9 | 1.0 |
Total area 1886 | 1802.5 | 27.6 | 1237.7 | 18.9 | 3178.4 | 48.6 | 324.4 | 5.0 | ||||
Gain | 682.7 | 10.4 | 734.9 | 11.3 | 410.1 | 6.3 | 279.4 | 4.3 | ||||
Area in 1930 | ||||||||||||
Forests | Grassland | Arable Land | Built-Up Area | Total Area 1886 | Loss | |||||||
Area in 1886 | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % |
Forest | 1761.8 | 27.0 | 26.5 | 0.4 | 12.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1800.2 | 27.5 | 38.68 | 0.6 |
Grassland | 25.1 | 0.4 | 1169.8 | 17.9 | 36.8 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 1234.6 | 18.9 | 64.7 | 1.0 |
Arable land | 112.7 | 1.7 | 38.8 | 0.6 | 2998.4 | 45.9 | 27.7 | 0.4 | 3177.7 | 48.6 | 179.3 | 2.7 |
Built-up area | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 319.9 | 4.9 | 329.7 | 5.0 | 9.8 | 0.2 |
Total area 1930 | 1899.5 | 29.1 | 1238.9 | 19.0 | 3047.3 | 46.7 | 350.6 | 5.4 | ||||
Gain | 137.8 | 2.1 | 69.1 | 1.0 | 54.8 | 0.8 | 30.8 | 0.5 | ||||
Area in 1996 | ||||||||||||
Forests | Grassland | Arable Land | Built-Up Area | Total Area 1930 | Loss | |||||||
Area in 1930 | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % |
Forest | 1858.2 | 28.4 | 32.0 | 0.5 | 8.7 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1900.2 | 29.1 | 42.09 | 0.6 |
Grassland | 136.5 | 2.1 | 868.0 | 13.3 | 175.0 | 2.7 | 64.1 | 1.0 | 1243.6 | 19.0 | 375.6 | 5.8 |
Arable land | 352.4 | 5.4 | 1374.5 | 21.0 | 1082.6 | 16.6 | 236.3 | 3.6 | 3045.8 | 46.6 | 1963.2 | 30.0 |
Built-up area | 1.4 | 0.02 | 78.6 | 1.2 | 8.9 | 0.1 | 261.3 | 4.0 | 350.2 | 5.4 | 88.9 | 1.4 |
Total area 1996 | 2348.5 | 35.9 | 2353.2 | 36.0 | 1275.1 | 19.5 | 563.1 | 8.6 | ||||
Gain | 490.3 | 7.5 | 1485.2 | 22.7 | 192.6 | 3.0 | 301.7 | 4.6 | ||||
Area in 2016 | ||||||||||||
Forests | Grassland | Arable Land | Built-Up Area | Total Area 1996 | Loss | |||||||
Area in 1996 | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % | ha | % |
Forest | 2291.8 | 35.1 | 51.5 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2346.2 | 35.9 | 54.38 | 0.8 |
Grassland | 339.1 | 5.2 | 1951.1 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 0.4 | 35.4 | 0.5 | 2354.7 | 36.0 | 403.6 | 6.2 |
Arable land | 60.4 | 0.9 | 207.9 | 3.2 | 978.6 | 15.0 | 27.8 | 0.4 | 1274.7 | 19.5 | 296.1 | 4.5 |
Built-up area | 0.5 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 0.02 | 19.6 | 0.3 | 544.2 | 8.3 | 565.4 | 8.6 | 21.2 | 0.3 |
Total area 2016 | 2691.9 | 41.2 | 2211.6 | 33.8 | 1029.1 | 15.7 | 608.4 | 9.3 | ||||
Gain | 400.0 | 6.1 | 260.5 | 4.0 | 50.5 | 0.8 | 64.2 | 1.0 |
Time Period | Unchanged [%] | Changed [%] | Binary Changed Index |
---|---|---|---|
1824–1886 | 67.9 | 32.2 | 0.4 |
1886–1939 | 95.6 | 4.4 | 0.9 |
1939–1994 | 62.3 | 37.8 | 0.2 |
1994–2016 | 88.2 | 11.9 | 0.8 |
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Jaworek-Jakubska, J.; Filipiak, M.; Napierała-Filipiak, A. Understanding of Forest Cover Dynamics in Traditional Landscapes: Mapping Trajectories of Changes in Mountain Territories (1824–2016), on the Example of Jeleniogórska Basin, Poland. Forests 2020, 11, 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080867
Jaworek-Jakubska J, Filipiak M, Napierała-Filipiak A. Understanding of Forest Cover Dynamics in Traditional Landscapes: Mapping Trajectories of Changes in Mountain Territories (1824–2016), on the Example of Jeleniogórska Basin, Poland. Forests. 2020; 11(8):867. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080867
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaworek-Jakubska, Justyna, Maciej Filipiak, and Anna Napierała-Filipiak. 2020. "Understanding of Forest Cover Dynamics in Traditional Landscapes: Mapping Trajectories of Changes in Mountain Territories (1824–2016), on the Example of Jeleniogórska Basin, Poland" Forests 11, no. 8: 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080867
APA StyleJaworek-Jakubska, J., Filipiak, M., & Napierała-Filipiak, A. (2020). Understanding of Forest Cover Dynamics in Traditional Landscapes: Mapping Trajectories of Changes in Mountain Territories (1824–2016), on the Example of Jeleniogórska Basin, Poland. Forests, 11(8), 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080867