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10.3390/f11080848
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Article

Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Declining Alder Trees in Italy and Description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov

by
Carlo Bregant
1,
Gian Paolo Sanna
1,
Adriano Bottos
1,
Lucia Maddau
2,
Lucio Montecchio
1 and
Benedetto T. Linaldeddu
1,*
1
Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia, 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2020, 11(8), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080848
Submission received: 9 July 2020 / Revised: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 / Published: 5 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Pathogens in Forest Ecosystems)
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Abstract

Extensive decline and mortality events of alder trees have recently been observed in several riparian ecosystems in Italy. Since there is little information about the aetiology of this disease and given the high ecological relevance of riparian ecosystems, an in-depth study was conducted in three sites spanning from the Mediterranean to Alpine regions. From spring 2019 to spring 2020, 261 samples of bleeding cankers, rhizosphere soil and leaves used as baits along waterways were collected and used for Phytophthora isolation. Based on morphology, colony appearance and DNA sequence data, 10 species belonging to 6 clades were identified. These included P. plurivora (84 isolates), P. pseudocryptogea (50), P. hydropathica (18), P. gonapodyides (14), P. bilorbang (13), P. pseudosyringae (12), P. lacustris (11), P. acerina (7), P. cactorum (1) and one isolate of the hybrid Phytophthora ×serendipita. In addition, two new Phytophthora species, one of which is described here as Phytophthora alpina sp. nov., were isolated. The pathogenicity of P. alpina and other species obtained from samples collected in the green alder stand was assessed on 3-year-old seedlings. All species proved to be pathogenic on green alder causing symptoms congruent with field observations. Results obtained have allowed us to expand knowledge about alder decline aetiology. The diversity of pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with symptomatic alder trees suggested that no single agent is responsible for the disease, but that it is the result of multiple infections of different Phytophthora species, variable in assemblages among sites.
Keywords: riparian ecosystems; emerging diseases; cryptic species; ITS clade 1; phylogeny riparian ecosystems; emerging diseases; cryptic species; ITS clade 1; phylogeny

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bregant, C.; Sanna, G.P.; Bottos, A.; Maddau, L.; Montecchio, L.; Linaldeddu, B.T. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Declining Alder Trees in Italy and Description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov. Forests 2020, 11, 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080848

AMA Style

Bregant C, Sanna GP, Bottos A, Maddau L, Montecchio L, Linaldeddu BT. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Declining Alder Trees in Italy and Description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov. Forests. 2020; 11(8):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080848

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bregant, Carlo, Gian Paolo Sanna, Adriano Bottos, Lucia Maddau, Lucio Montecchio, and Benedetto T. Linaldeddu. 2020. "Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Declining Alder Trees in Italy and Description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov" Forests 11, no. 8: 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080848

APA Style

Bregant, C., Sanna, G. P., Bottos, A., Maddau, L., Montecchio, L., & Linaldeddu, B. T. (2020). Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Declining Alder Trees in Italy and Description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov. Forests, 11(8), 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080848

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