Coastal Pine-Oak Glacial Refugia in the Mediterranean Basin: A Biogeographic Approach Based on Charcoal Analysis and Spatial Modelling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Charcoal Analysis
2.3. Ecological Niche Model
2.3.1. Training and Projection Area
2.3.2. Data Collection
2.3.3. Environmental Variables
2.3.4. Maxent Models
2.3.5. Model Validation
2.3.6. Resolving Taxonomic Ambiguity by Means of ENM
3. Results
3.1. Charcoal Analysis
3.2. Ecological Niche Models of Pinus spp. and Q. pubescens
3.2.1. Current Models
3.2.2. Last Glacial Maximum Projection Models
3.2.3. LGM Projection Models Adding the Q. pubescens Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Pinus Type Sylvestris: Ecological Niche Models and Ecological Considerations
4.2. Vegetation Cover of the Pleniglacial
4.3. Vegetation Cover of the Late Glacial
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer | Cultural Facies | 14C Dating (yr BP) | Calibrated Ages ± 2σ (cal yr BP) | Median cal yr BP | Chronostratigraphy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8E | Final Epigravettian | 11,490 ± 160 | 13,708–13,057 | 13,332 | Late Glacial |
8F | 11,460 ± 80 | 13,455–13,135 | 13,305 | Late Glacial | |
8G | 12,060 ± 90 | 14,150–13,730 | 13,915 | Late Glacial | |
9 | Evolved Epigravettian | 13,100 ± 120 | 16,063–15,302 | 15,702 | Late Glacial |
10C | 15,700 ± 110 | 19,234–18,724 | 18,953 | Pleniglacial | |
11 | Gravettian | 24,380 ± 1530 | 32,574–25,925 | 28,874 | Pleniglacial |
12 | 29,020 ± 2650 | 43,290–28,645 | 34,269 | Pleniglacial |
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Di Pasquale, G.; Saracino, A.; Bosso, L.; Russo, D.; Moroni, A.; Bonanomi, G.; Allevato, E. Coastal Pine-Oak Glacial Refugia in the Mediterranean Basin: A Biogeographic Approach Based on Charcoal Analysis and Spatial Modelling. Forests 2020, 11, 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060673
Di Pasquale G, Saracino A, Bosso L, Russo D, Moroni A, Bonanomi G, Allevato E. Coastal Pine-Oak Glacial Refugia in the Mediterranean Basin: A Biogeographic Approach Based on Charcoal Analysis and Spatial Modelling. Forests. 2020; 11(6):673. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060673
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Pasquale, Gaetano, Antonio Saracino, Luciano Bosso, Danilo Russo, Adriana Moroni, Giuliano Bonanomi, and Emilia Allevato. 2020. "Coastal Pine-Oak Glacial Refugia in the Mediterranean Basin: A Biogeographic Approach Based on Charcoal Analysis and Spatial Modelling" Forests 11, no. 6: 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060673