Modeling of Aboveground Biomass with Landsat 8 OLI and Machine Learning in Temperate Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Data
2.3. Spectral Data from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI)
2.4. Vegetation Indices
- NIR: Near Infrared.
- R: Red.
- L: Is the soil brightness correction factor and its value is 0.5.
2.5. Texture Indices
2.6. Topographic and Climatic Variables
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.7.1. Support Vector Regression (SVR)
2.7.2. Random Forest (RF)
- = observed AGB.
- = predicted AGB.
- = average AGB.
- = number of observations
- = number of model parameters.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum Value | Maximum Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of trees per ha | 164 | 74.48 | 34 | 566 |
Basal area (m2·ha−1) | 5.61 | 2.10 | 0.84 | 14.45 |
Volume (m3·ha−1) | 51.88 | 28.52 | 3.26 | 187.26 |
Aboveground biomass (Mg·ha−1) | 28.83 | 16.76 | 1.72 | 101.71 |
Band | Name | Wavelength (μm) | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|
BAND 02 | Blue | 0.45–0.51 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 03 | Green | 0.53–0.59 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 04 | Red | 0.64–0.67 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 05 | Near Infrared (NIR) | 0.85–0.88 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 06 | Shortwave infrared (SWIR 1) | 1.57–1.65 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 07 | Shortwave infrared (SWIR 2) | 2.11–2.29 | 30 × 30 |
BAND 09 | Cirrus | 1.36–1.38 | 30 × 30 |
Texture Variables | Formula |
---|---|
Mean | |
Standard deviation | |
Homogeneity | |
Contrast | |
Dissimilarity | |
Entropy | |
Second moment | |
Correlation |
Physical Variable | Equation | Reference |
---|---|---|
Topographic | ||
Slope | [66] | |
Elevation | [67] | |
Aspect | [68] | |
Curvature | [69] | |
Plan curvature | ||
Profile curvature | ||
Wetness Index | [70] | |
Heat load index | [71] | |
Aspect/Slope ratio | [72] | |
Climatic | ||
Maximum Temperature (TM) | (°C) | [65] |
Mean Annual Temperature (Tmed) | (°C) |
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López-Serrano, P.M.; Cárdenas Domínguez, J.L.; Corral-Rivas, J.J.; Jiménez, E.; López-Sánchez, C.A.; Vega-Nieva, D.J. Modeling of Aboveground Biomass with Landsat 8 OLI and Machine Learning in Temperate Forests. Forests 2020, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010011
López-Serrano PM, Cárdenas Domínguez JL, Corral-Rivas JJ, Jiménez E, López-Sánchez CA, Vega-Nieva DJ. Modeling of Aboveground Biomass with Landsat 8 OLI and Machine Learning in Temperate Forests. Forests. 2020; 11(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Serrano, Pablito M., José Luis Cárdenas Domínguez, José Javier Corral-Rivas, Enrique Jiménez, Carlos A. López-Sánchez, and Daniel José Vega-Nieva. 2020. "Modeling of Aboveground Biomass with Landsat 8 OLI and Machine Learning in Temperate Forests" Forests 11, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010011