Pine Pitch Canker (PPC): Pathways of Pathogen Spread and Preventive Measures
by
Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros 1,2,*
, Julio J. Diez 1,2, Jorge Martín-García 1,2,3, Johanna Witzell 4, Alejandro Solla 5, Rodrigo Ahumada 6, Paolo Capretti 7, Michelle Cleary 4, Rein Drenkhan 8, Miloň Dvořák 9, Margarita Elvira-Recuenco 10, Mercedes Fernández-Fernández 2,11, Luisa Ghelardini 7, Paolo Gonthier 12, Laura Hernández-Escribano 11, Renaud Ioos 13, Svetlana Markovskaja 14, Pablo Martínez-Álvarez 2, E. Jordán Muñoz-Adalia 15, Justyna Anna Nowakowska 16, Tomasz Oszako 17, Rosa Raposo 11, Alberto Santini 18 and Jarkko Hantula 19
Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros 1,2,*, Julio J. Diez 1,2, Jorge Martín-García 1,2,3, Johanna Witzell 4, Alejandro Solla 5, Rodrigo Ahumada 6, Paolo Capretti 7, Michelle Cleary 4, Rein Drenkhan 8, Miloň Dvořák 9, Margarita Elvira-Recuenco 10, Mercedes Fernández-Fernández 2,11, Luisa Ghelardini 7, Paolo Gonthier 12, Laura Hernández-Escribano 11, Renaud Ioos 13, Svetlana Markovskaja 14, Pablo Martínez-Álvarez 2, E. Jordán Muñoz-Adalia 15, Justyna Anna Nowakowska 16, Tomasz Oszako 17, Rosa Raposo 11, Alberto Santini 18 and Jarkko Hantula 19
1
Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Av Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
2
Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
4
Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.Box 49, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
5
Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
6
Bioforest S.A., Km. 12, Camino a Coronel, 403 0000 Concepcion, Chile
7
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
8
Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
9
Depertment of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Česko
10
Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
11
Department of Agroforestry Sciences, University of Valladolid, Av Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
12
Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
13
ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, Unit of mycology, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Bât. E., 54220 Malzéville, France
14
Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Laboratory of Mycology, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
15
Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Crta. de St. Llorenç de Morunys Km. 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
16
Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
17
Forest Protection Department, Institute of Forest Research, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sekocin Stary, Poland
18
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-C.N.R., Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto fiorentino, Italy
19
Department of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2019, 10(12), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121158
Received: 3 November 2019 / Revised: 5 December 2019 / Accepted: 12 December 2019 / Published: 17 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell) is the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) disease, one of the most devastating forest diseases worldwide. Long-distance spread occurs mainly through the movement of infected seeds whereas at regional level, the movement of seedlings, substrates, or containers may play an important role in fungal dispersal. Invasion of nurseries takes place via infected seeds and further spread can occur by planting contaminated seedlings, especially due to the possibility of infected plants remaining symptomless. Once established, F. circinatum spreads by rain, wind, and insects. The natural spread of the pathogen is limited due to the short dispersal distances of the spores and the fairly short flight distances of disseminating insects. In this review, we summarize the currently known dispersal pathways of the pathogen, discussing both natural and human-assisted processes. With the purpose of understanding how to best intervene in the disease’s development in nurseries and forests, we outline the epidemiology of the pathogen describing the key factors influencing its spread. Preventive measures to control the spread of F. circinatum locally and globally are described with special emphasis on the challenges in implementing them.
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Keywords:
pine pitch canker; Fusarium circinatum; dispersion; invasive species; environmentally friendly management
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MDPI and ACS Style
Zamora-Ballesteros, C.; Diez, J.J.; Martín-García, J.; Witzell, J.; Solla, A.; Ahumada, R.; Capretti, P.; Cleary, M.; Drenkhan, R.; Dvořák, M.; Elvira-Recuenco, M.; Fernández-Fernández, M.; Ghelardini, L.; Gonthier, P.; Hernández-Escribano, L.; Ioos, R.; Markovskaja, S.; Martínez-Álvarez, P.; Muñoz-Adalia, E.J.; Nowakowska, J.A.; Oszako, T.; Raposo, R.; Santini, A.; Hantula, J. Pine Pitch Canker (PPC): Pathways of Pathogen Spread and Preventive Measures. Forests 2019, 10, 1158.
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