Ecosystem Services and Importance of Common Tree Species in Coffee-Agroforestry Systems: Local Knowledge of Small-Scale Farmers at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Identification of Common Tree Species and Important Ecosystem Services
2.3. Shade Tree Species Ranking for Ecosystem Services
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Main Characteristics of Respondent
3.2. Tree Species Distribution
3.3. Important Ecosystem Services
3.4. Pairwise Comparison
3.5. Tree Ranking
3.6. Effect of Priorites on Shade Tree Density
3.7. Elevation, Gender, and Farmer Group Affiliation
4. Discussion
4.1. Improtant Ecosystem Services
4.2. Highly Ranked Tree Species
4.3. Factors Influencing Tree Species Ranking and Distribution
4.4. Tree Species Ranking in East Africa
4.5. Resilience of Coffee Agroforestry Systems
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecosystem Services (ESs) | Selected as First ES | Among the First 3 ESs |
---|---|---|
Food provision | 76.4% | 95.4% |
Firewood supply | 10.3% | 59.5% |
Fodder supply | 2.7% | 55.3% |
Shade provision | 3.4% | 31.7% |
Soil fertility improvement | 2.7% | 17.2% |
Increased coffee yield | 0.0% | 15.6% |
Soil moisture enhancement | 1.5% | 8.0% |
Increased coffee quality | 0.8% | 5.7% |
Protection against wind | 1.1% | 5.3% |
Mulch provision | 0.8% | 3.4% |
Protection from heat | 0.0% | 1.5% |
Weed suppression | 0.4% | 1.1% |
Ecosystem Service | Number of Tree Species Included in the Ranking | Percent of Significant Differences between Pairs (p < 0.05) |
---|---|---|
Mulch provision | 11 | 89.1 |
Protection from heat | 12 | 87.9 |
Increased coffee yield | 11 | 87.3 |
Increased coffee quality | 10 | 86.7 |
Soil moisture enhancement | 11 | 85.5 |
Shade provision | 12 | 84.8 |
Fodder supply | 11 | 83.6 |
Firewood supply | 13 | 82.1 |
Soil fertility improvement | 13 | 76.9 |
Protection against wind | 16 | 72.5 |
Food provision | 10 | 71.1 |
Weed suppression | 13 | 66.7 |
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Wagner, S.; Rigal, C.; Liebig, T.; Mremi, R.; Hemp, A.; Jones, M.; Price, E.; Preziosi, R. Ecosystem Services and Importance of Common Tree Species in Coffee-Agroforestry Systems: Local Knowledge of Small-Scale Farmers at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Forests 2019, 10, 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10110963
Wagner S, Rigal C, Liebig T, Mremi R, Hemp A, Jones M, Price E, Preziosi R. Ecosystem Services and Importance of Common Tree Species in Coffee-Agroforestry Systems: Local Knowledge of Small-Scale Farmers at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Forests. 2019; 10(11):963. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10110963
Chicago/Turabian StyleWagner, Sigrun, Clement Rigal, Theresa Liebig, Rudolf Mremi, Andreas Hemp, Martin Jones, Elizabeth Price, and Richard Preziosi. 2019. "Ecosystem Services and Importance of Common Tree Species in Coffee-Agroforestry Systems: Local Knowledge of Small-Scale Farmers at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania" Forests 10, no. 11: 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10110963