Maximum Branch Diameter in Black Spruce Following Partial Cutting and Clearcutting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Sampling
2.2. Branch Diameter Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Branch Diameter
3.2. Generalized Additive Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Branch Diameter
4.2. Generalized Additive Model
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) | Partial Cutting | Clearcutting | ||||
Mean Stand Characteristics | Control | CT | CLASS | CLVD | CLAHAG | CLAAG |
N | 17 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
DBH (cm) | 12.3 ± 3.8 | 16.8 ± 3.4 | 10.6 ± 3.1 | 9.4 ± 4.6 | 8.4 ± 3.5 | 5.2 ± 2.1 |
Height (m) | 10.1 ± 2.0 | 14.0 ± 2.3 | 7.6 ± 2.4 | 7.1 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 2.5 | 3.7 ± 1.0 |
Crown ratio (%) | 58.1 ± 12.8 | 60.7 ± 15.6 | 67.1 ± 23.1 | 58.9 ± 16.0 | 58.7 ± 21.6 | 93.7 ± 6.2 |
Basal area (m² ha−1) | 29.7 ± 9.9 | 29.0 ± 6.4 | 13.5 ± 3.3 | 11.2 ± 8.9 | 14.3 ± 6.2 | 5.4 ± 3.5 |
Stand density (trees ha−1) | 2427 ± 317 | 1273 ± 201 | 1510 ± 388 | 1258 ± 494 | 2190 ± 800 | 2113 ± 396 |
Time since treatment (years) | - | 9.2 ± 0.4 | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 15.7 ± 1.8 |
(B) | ||||||
Mean Tree Characteristics | Control | CT | CLASS | CLVD | CLAHAG | CLAAG |
N | 92 | 23 | 54 | 23 | 9 | 22 |
DBH (cm) | 13.2 ± 3.7 | 17.4 ± 3.7 | 12.3 ± 3.0 | 10.1 ± 5.3 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 2.2 |
Height (m) | 11.0 ± 3.2 | 14.5 ± 3.2 | 9.0 ± 2.4 | 7.7 ± 3.7 | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 0.8 |
Crown ratio (%) | 54.9 ± 12.8 | 59.7 ± 12.3 | 64.8 ± 12.4 | 68.1 ± 14.3 | 60.3 ± 19.4 | 92.0 ± 6.7 |
Age | 107.3 ± 39.2 | 79.6 ± 19.0 | 110.7 ± 38.3 | 99.3 ± 29.5 | 105.3 ± 28.4 | 28.3 ± 11.7 |
(C) | ||||||
Mean Branch Characteristics | Control | CT | CLASS | VD | CLAHAG | CLAAG |
N | 2258 | 561 | 1348 | 534 | 204 | 550 |
Diameter (mm) | 12.1 ± 4.8 | 15.6 ± 5.8 | 13.5 ± 5.1 | 10.9 ± 5.2 | 9.5 ± 3.4 | 9.5 ± 3.5 |
max | 31.4 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 32.0 | 21.7 | 24.0 |
Estimated age | 27.3 ± 20.6 | 25.2 ± 15.7 | 30.1 ± 21.1 | 22.2 ± 15.7 | 23.2 ± 15.8 | 6.1 ± 4.8 |
max | 132 | 63 | 145 | 65 | 84 | 26 |
Partial Cutting | Clearcutting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | CT | CLASS | CLVD | CLAHAG | CLAAG | |
Branch mean maximum diameter (mm) | 18.7 c | 26.5 a | 22.4 b | 16.5 c | 15.8 c | 14.9 c |
Mean relative height in the crown at maximum branch diameter (%) | 26.2 a,b | 32.4 a | 24.8 a,b | 27.2 a,b | 37.5 a,b | 18.1 b |
(A) | Complete Model | Maximum Branch Diameter | ~ | Treatment + DBH before Treatment + Time since Treatment + Crown Ratio + Tree Age + Branch Age + Whorl Area + Whorl Relative Height | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(B) | Crown Section | Model R2 | Explanatory Variable | p-Value | Relative Importance of the Variable (%) | |
5 | 0.57 | DBH before treatment | <0.001 | 31.8 | ||
Whorl area | <0.001 | 29.8 | ||||
Treatment | <0.001 | 17.2 | ||||
Branch age | <0.001 | 13.2 | ||||
Crown ratio | <0.001 | 4.0 | ||||
Time since treatment | <0.001 | 3.3 | ||||
Whorl relative height | 0.067 | 0.7 | ||||
4 | 0.64 | Whorl area | <0.001 | 36.1 | ||
DBH before treatment | <0.001 | 32.7 | ||||
Treatment | <0.001 | 17.3 | ||||
Tree age | 0.003 | 5.2 | ||||
Crown ratio | <0.001 | 4.2 | ||||
Time since treatment | <0.001 | 3.0 | ||||
Whorl relative height | <0.001 | 1.5 | ||||
3 | 0.59 | Whorl area | <0.001 | 42.7 | ||
DBH before treatment | <0.001 | 36.8 | ||||
Treatment | <0.001 | 13.3 | ||||
Time since treatment | <0.001 | 4.7 | ||||
Crown ratio | <0.001 | 2.5 | ||||
2 | 0.48 | Whorl area | 0.046 | 37.0 | ||
DBH before treatment | <0.001 | 35.2 | ||||
Treatment | <0.001 | 13.9 | ||||
Tree age | 0.068 | 5.3 | ||||
Time since treatment | <0.001 | 5.3 | ||||
Crown ratio | <0.001 | 3.3 | ||||
1 | 0.41 | DBH before treatment | <0.001 | 69.9 | ||
Treatment | <0.001 | 14.4 | ||||
Time since treatment | <0.001 | 12.9 | ||||
Crown ratio | <0.001 | 2.8 |
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Lemay, A.; Pamerleau-Couture, É.; Krause, C. Maximum Branch Diameter in Black Spruce Following Partial Cutting and Clearcutting. Forests 2019, 10, 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100913
Lemay A, Pamerleau-Couture É, Krause C. Maximum Branch Diameter in Black Spruce Following Partial Cutting and Clearcutting. Forests. 2019; 10(10):913. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100913
Chicago/Turabian StyleLemay, Audrey, Émilie Pamerleau-Couture, and Cornelia Krause. 2019. "Maximum Branch Diameter in Black Spruce Following Partial Cutting and Clearcutting" Forests 10, no. 10: 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100913