Will Human-Induced Vegetation Regreening Continually Decrease Runoff in the Loess Plateau of China?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Runoff and Climate Data
2.2.2. Soil Moisture and Soil Characteristic Dataset
2.2.3. Land Cover Dataset
2.2.4. MODIS and Other Datasets
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Aridity Index Calculation
2.3.2. Sensitivity Analysis and Contribution of Regreening to Runoff Change
2.3.3. Statistical and Trend Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Vegetation Regreening Characterized by fPAR
3.2. Response of Runoff to Vegetation Regreening in Recent Years
3.2.1. Runoff Variation and Its Sensitivity to Vegetation Regreening
3.2.2. Impact of Vegetation Greening on Runoff
3.3. Hydrological Response to Vegetation Regreening in Future Decades
4. Discussion
4.1. Underlying Drivers of the Rapid Vegetation Regreening after 2000 in the Loess Plateau
4.2. Implications of the Impact of Vegetation Regreening on Eco-Hydrology in Water-Limited Regions
4.3. Uncertainties and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Watershed ID | River Name | Hydrological Station | Area (km2) | Robs (mm) | Pre (mm) | PET (mm) | AI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Huangfu | Huangfu | 3175 | 11.22 | 402 | 981 | 2.44 |
2 | Gushan | Gaoshiya | 1263 | 14.29 | 428 | 988 | 2.31 |
3 | Kuye | Wenjiachuan | 8515 | 25.37 | 409 | 1021 | 2.49 |
4 | Tuwei | Gaojiachuan | 3253 | 65.79 | 436 | 1024 | 2.35 |
5 | Jialu | Shenjiawa | 1121 | 29.11 | 451 | 1024 | 2.27 |
6 | Wuding | Dingjiagou | 23422 | 27.45 | 411 | 1032 | 2.51 |
7 | Dali | Suide | 3893 | 27.13 | 457 | 1010 | 2.21 |
8 | Qingjian | Yanchuan | 3468 | 23.66 | 488 | 987 | 2.02 |
9 | Yanshui | Ganguyi | 5891 | 25.95 | 488 | 977 | 2.00 |
10 | Qiushui | Linjiaping | 1873 | 20.09 | 474 | 990 | 2.09 |
11 | Sanchuan | Houdacheng | 4102 | 36.32 | 484 | 977 | 2.02 |
12 | Xinshui | Daning | 3992 | 21.18 | 512 | 961 | 1.87 |
Models | Modeling Center/Country | Spatial Resolution/Degree | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
BCC CSM1.1 | Beijing Climate Center /China | 2.81 × 2.79 | Xin, Wu [22] |
BNU ESM | Beijing Normal University, China/China | 2.81 × 2.81 | Ji, Wang [23] |
CanESM2 | Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis/Canada | 2.81 × 2.79 | Chylek, Li [24] |
GFDL-CM3 | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)/USA | 2.50 × 2.00 | Griffies, Winton [25] |
Types | Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | 2000 | 137 | 73 | 357 | 109 | 23 | 702 | 278 | 431 | 546 | 560 | 1854 | 1153 |
2015 | 164 | 76 | 457 | 111 | 32 | 908 | 329 | 671 | 706 | 559 | 1848 | 1154 | |
change (%) | 19.7 | 4.1 | 28.0 | 1.8 | 39.1 | 29.3 | 18.3 | 55.7 | 29.3 | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.1 | |
Grass | 2000 | 1287 | 646 | 3423 | 530 | 56 | 3729 | 839 | 745 | 1009 | 308 | 288 | 218 |
2015 | 2083 | 637 | 5339 | 1459 | 520 | 10048 | 1434 | 1363 | 2594 | 762 | 978 | 1952 | |
change (%) | 61.8 | −1.4 | 56.0 | 175.3 | 828.6 | 169.5 | 70.9 | 83.0 | 157.1 | 147.4 | 239.6 | 795.4 |
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Li, Y.; Mao, D.; Feng, A.; Schillerberg, T. Will Human-Induced Vegetation Regreening Continually Decrease Runoff in the Loess Plateau of China? Forests 2019, 10, 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100906
Li Y, Mao D, Feng A, Schillerberg T. Will Human-Induced Vegetation Regreening Continually Decrease Runoff in the Loess Plateau of China? Forests. 2019; 10(10):906. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100906
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yanzhong, Dehua Mao, Aiqing Feng, and Tayler Schillerberg. 2019. "Will Human-Induced Vegetation Regreening Continually Decrease Runoff in the Loess Plateau of China?" Forests 10, no. 10: 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100906