A Study on a Novel Phase Change Material Panel Based on Tetradecanol/Lauric Acid/Expanded Perlite/Aluminium Powder for Building Heat Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Novel Composite PCM
2.2.1. Binary Eutectic Mixture
2.2.2. Novel PCMP
- (1)
- TD and LA with a mass proportion of 53.60%:46.40% were mixed, melted and stirred in a vessel that was heated by the water bath for 30 min under 60 °C, and then the melting TD-LA mixture was poured into a feeding funnel in the top of a filtering flask, the inlet valve of which remained closed.
- (2)
- EP was placed into the filtering flask, in which the internal space was maintained to be vacuum state and the inside air of EP’s porous structure was evacuated by a circulating water vacuum pump.
- (3)
- After the inlet valve opened, the liquid of TD-LA flowed into the feeding funnel and mixed with EP through magnetic stirring. Because of the strong capillary action under vacuum state, the liquid TD-LA can be absorbed into the micropores of EP. The mass fraction ratio of TD-LA vs. EP was 50%:50%.
- (4)
- The vacuum process was continued for 2 h at vacuum pressure of 65 kPa, and the mixture of TD-LA and EP in the filtering flask was heated by water bath, so as to maintain TD-LA melting in the vacuum process. Due to achieving the full penetration of TD-LA into EP, the air was allowed into the filtering flask to force the liquid PCM to further penetrate into the micropore structures of EP, when finishing the vacuum process.
- (5)
- The low thermal conductivity of TD, LA and EP possibly leads to melting-solidifying circulation incompletion [35]. In order to enhance the thermal conduction of TD-LA/EP, AP was added and uniformly mixed with TD-LA/EP through stirrer (Figure 2b). Then, the styrene-acrylic emulsion was also put into the stirrer to form the film attached on the TD-LA/EP-AP surface.
- (6)
- The styrene-acrylic emulsion was also the binding element for the PCMP. When finishing the stirring process, the composite TD-LA/EP-AP with styrene-acrylic emulsion was compacted to the novel PCMP through the square-shape mould, as shown in Figure 2c. When the novel PCMP was completely dry, the mould was removed. Finally, the novel PCMP has been prepared well, as shown in Figure 3.
2.3. Property Test Methods
2.4. Thermal Performance Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal Property Analysis
3.2. Construction Characterization and Mechanical Property Analysis
3.3. Thermal Conductivity Improvement Analysis
3.4. Thermal Reliability Analysis
3.5. Leakage Analysis
3.6. Thermal Performance Analysis
- (1)
- In day time, when the indoor temperature is higher than the melting temperature of TD-LA/EP-5 wt % AP, PCMP started to absorb the heat from inside cell to restrain the indoor temperature rise. The peak temperature and mean inside temperatures of PCM cell were 6.96 °C and 4.10 °C lower than that of reference room in daytime (6:00–18:00), respectively. On the first day, a relative smooth temperature section emerged at noon. Temperatures in this smooth section were much higher than the melting point of PCMP, indicating the latent heat storage of PCMP was possibly finished, and the sensible heat storage of PCMP played a leading role in this section. Similarly, the peak temperature decreasing may also mainly result from the sensible heat storage of PCMP. Therefore, the heat storage of PCMP included sensible heat storage and latent heat storage, and they simultaneously effected in the inside temperature decreasing. The ratio of latent/sensible heat storage will be studied in detail in the future.
- (2)
- For night time (18:00–6:00), because of ambient temperature decreasing and without solar radiation, the indoor temperature was reduced, and PCMP began to release the heat stored during daytime if the indoor temperature was lower than the freezing point of PCM. Therefore, mean inside temperature of PCM cell was 2.43 °C higher than that of reference cell. In other words, the heat absorbing and releasing by prepared PCMP can effectively reduce the indoor temperature fluctuation.
- (3)
- The heat flux variations of PCM cell wall and reference cell wall are shown in Figure 15, in which the heat flux value indicated the heat exchange capacity between cells and external environment. As listed in Table 9, the peak and mean heat fluxes of PCM cell were 2.81 W/m2 and 1.64 W/m2 smaller than that of reference cell, respectively. Besides, the fluctuation of heat flux values of PCM cell were smaller than that of reference cell during all the experiment period. The small heat flux value and range have showed that the prepared PCMP can reduce the influence of external disturbance on the inside thermal environment.
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- TD-LA/EP has melting/freezing temperature and latent heat of 24.9 °C/25.2 °C and 78.2 J/g/81.3 J/g, respectively, which are suitable for building heat storage.
- (2)
- With the mass ratio of thermal conductivity promoter of AP increasing, the thermal conductivity value has been enhanced linearly, but the latent heat was linearly decreased. It seems that an AP mass ratio range of 5–15 wt % was reasonable to obtain a high thermal conductivity and while maintain a large latent heat.
- (3)
- The leakage test using diffusion–effusion circle method indicated that the film attached on the surface of composite PCM particles was an effective solution for the leaking issue of composite PCMs.
- (4)
- The results of mechanical test and thermal cycling test demonstrated that the fabricated PCMP have good mechanical property and thermal reliability for building application.
- (5)
- The thermal performance test has been conducted through two cells, PCM cell and reference cell, with lightweight envelope (CSSIB) under the same outdoor climatic condition during 2.5 days. Compared with the result of reference cell in thermal performance test, the cell with PCMP was on average 4.10 °C cooler during day time and 2.43 °C warmer during night time, and had lower heat flux value. It also was found that both the latent and sensible heat storage capacities of PCMP functioned in indoor temperature decreasing. Because was PCMP installed in PCM cell, the two cells had different thermal transmittance and thermal mass. Thus, a qualitative thermal performance of PCMP was obtained at present stage, and an in-depth contrastive study for PCMP performance under the same thermal transmittance and thermal mass in building envelopes will be carried out in the next stage.
- (6)
- Based on all results, it can also be concluded that the developed novel PCMP can be used as building heat storage panel in the wall inside to diminish the building energy consumption and adjust the indoor comfort.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constituent | SiO2 | Al2O3 | K2O | Na2O | MgO | CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass percent (wt %) | 73 | 18 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
PCM | Melting Point (°C) | Mass Percentage in Binary Eutectic Mixture (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Measured Value | Predicted Value | ||
TD | 37.00 | – | 53.60 |
LA | 43.20 | – | 46.40 |
TD-LA | 24.2 | 25.8 | 100 |
Item | Reference Cell | PCMP Cell | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall | Ceiling | Floor | Window | Wall | Ceiling | Floor | Window | |
Structure | CSSIB | CSSIB | CSSIB | Single glazing Aluminium alloy | CSSIB + PCMP | CSSIB + PCMP | CSSIB | Single glazing Aluminium alloy |
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2·K) | 0.763 | 0.763 | 0.763 | 6.4 | 0.645 | 0.645 | 0.763 | 6.4 |
Thickness (mm) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 6 | 0.645 | 0.645 | 50 | 6 |
Reflectivity (%) | – | – | – | 89 | – | – | – | 89 |
Transmittance (%) | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | 8 |
PCM | Phase Change Point (°C) | Latent Heat (J/g) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melting | Freezing | Melting | Freezing | Calculating | |||||
Onset | Peak | End | Onset | Peak | End | ||||
TD-LA | 24.2 | 26.5 | 28.8 | 24.8 | 22 | 19.9 | 162.7 | 165.3 | – |
TD-LA/EP | 24.9 | 26.9 | 29 | 25.2 | 22.3 | 20.1 | 78.2 | 81.3 | 81.4 |
CHR (%) | 2.89% | 1.51% | 0.69% | 1.61% | 1.36% | 1.01% | – | – | – |
Item | Curing Time (Days) | Compressive Strength (N/m2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Paraffin/expanded perlite/cement mortar | 7 | 4.04 | [29] |
28 | 7.53 | ||
PCM powder/cement mortar | 7 | 3.62 | [27] |
28 | 7.16 | ||
Paraffin/expanded perlite | – | 4.61 | [39] |
TD-LA/EP-AP | 3 | 2.09 | This study |
7 | 4.21 | ||
15 | 4.23 |
Item | Melting Point (°C) | Freezing Point (°C) | Latent Heat of Melting (J/g) | Latent Heat of Freezing (J/g) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bentonite/dodecanol/5 wt % EG | 22.16 | 21.05 | 57.84 | 55.45 | [42] |
Bentonite/heptadecane/5 wt % EG | 22.09 | 21.53 | 34.05 | 32.43 | [42] |
Dodecanol/cement | 21.6 | – | 18.39 | – | [43] |
Capric–stearic acid/gypsum | 23.8 | 23.9 | 49 | – | [44] |
Stearic–palmitic–myristic–lauric acid/sludge ceramsite | 26.6 | – | 47.1 | – | [45] |
Pumice/capric–palmitic acid | 23.13 | 21.65 | 56.45 | 55.4 | [46] |
Pumice/heptadecane | 22.18 | 21.14 | 72.38 | 70.24 | [46] |
Pumice/dodecanol | 23.27 | 20.98 | 67.32 | 66.48 | [46] |
TD-LA/EP-5 wt % AP | 24.5 | 25.4 | 77.78 | 79.02 | This study |
TD-LA/EP-10 wt % AP | 24.7 | 25.6 | 74.22 | 73.89 | This study |
TD-LA/EP-15 wt % AP | 24.3 | 24.9 | 69.15 | 69.75 | This study |
PCMP Samples | Sample 1# | Sample 2# | Sample 3# | Sample 4# | Sample 5# | Sample 6# | Sample 7# | Sample 8# | Sample 9# |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AP percentage (%) | 0 | 2.5 | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 12.5 | 15 | 17.5 | 20 |
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2·K) | 2.38 | 2.42 | 2.59 | 2.68 | 2.84 | 2.98 | 3.05 | 3.11 | 3.24 |
PCM | Number of the Cycle | Melting Onset Point (°C) | Freezing Onset Point (°C) | Melting Latent Heat (J/g) | Freezing Latent Heat (J/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TD-LA/EP-5 wt % AP | 0 cycle | 24.5 | 25.4 | 77.78 | 79.02 |
1000 cycles | 24.9 | 25 | 75.63 | 77.89 | |
2000 cycles | 25.1 | 24.7 | 74.39 | 75.92 |
Item | PCM Cell | Reference Cell |
---|---|---|
Peak temperature (°C) | 36.85 | 43.81 |
Mean temperature of day time (°C) | 28.11 | 32.21 |
Mean temperature of night time (°C) | 16.3 | 13.87 |
Peak heat flux (W/m2) | 6.16 | 8.97 |
Mean heat flux (W/m2) | 1.44 | 3.08 |
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Wang, E.; Kong, X.; Rong, X.; Yao, C.; Yang, H.; Qi, C. A Study on a Novel Phase Change Material Panel Based on Tetradecanol/Lauric Acid/Expanded Perlite/Aluminium Powder for Building Heat Storage. Materials 2016, 9, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110896
Wang E, Kong X, Rong X, Yao C, Yang H, Qi C. A Study on a Novel Phase Change Material Panel Based on Tetradecanol/Lauric Acid/Expanded Perlite/Aluminium Powder for Building Heat Storage. Materials. 2016; 9(11):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110896
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Enyu, Xiangfei Kong, Xian Rong, Chengqiang Yao, Hua Yang, and Chengying Qi. 2016. "A Study on a Novel Phase Change Material Panel Based on Tetradecanol/Lauric Acid/Expanded Perlite/Aluminium Powder for Building Heat Storage" Materials 9, no. 11: 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9110896