Additively Manufactured Open-Cell Porous Biomaterials Made from Six Different Space-Filling Unit Cells: The Mechanical and Morphological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Manufacturing
Strut Diameter (μm) | Pore Size (μm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal (Design) | μCT (SD) | Nominal (Design) | μCT (SD) | |
Cubic (C) | ||||
C-1 | 348 | 451 (147) | 1452 | 1413 (366) |
C-2 | 540 | 654 (190) | 1260 | 1139 (359) |
C-3 | 612 | 693 (200) | 1188 | 1155 (354) |
C-4 | 720 | 823 (230) | 1080 | 1020 (311) |
Diamond (D) | ||||
D-1 | 277 | 240 (46) | 923 | 958 (144) |
D-2 | 450 | 416 (65) | 750 | 780 (141) |
D-3 | 520 | 482 (70) | 680 | 719 (130) |
D-4 | 600 | 564 (76) | 600 | 641 (137) |
Truncated Cube (TC) | ||||
TC-1 | 180 | 331 (76) | 1720 | 1625 (398) |
TC-2 | 240 | 363 (80) | 1660 | 1615 (392) |
TC-3 | 304 | 395 (88) | 1596 | 1593 (382) |
TC-4 | 380 | 463 (126) | 1520 | 1535 (370) |
TC-5 | 460 | 568 (183) | 1440 | 1497 (360) |
TC-6 | 530 | 620 (200) | 1370 | 1426 (357) |
Truncated Cubeoctahedron (TCO) | ||||
TCO-1 | 324 | 350 (60) | 876 | 862 (349) |
TCO-2 | 460 | 416 (64) | 1040 | 1142 (383) |
TCO-3 | 520 | 452 (65) | 980 | 1098 (386) |
TCO-4 | 577 | 482 (70) | 923 | 1079 (391) |
TCO-5 | 621 | 516 (82) | 862 | 1065 (361) |
TCO-6 | 693 | 564 (76) | 807 | 1049 (383) |
Rhombicdodecahdron (RD) | ||||
RD-1 | 250 | 246 (53) | 1250 | 1299 (449) |
RD-2 | 310 | 305 (97) | 1190 | 1224 (455) |
RD-3 | 370 | 440 (126) | 1130 | 1168 (364) |
RD-4 | 430 | 461 (163) | 1070 | 1305 (554) |
RD-5 | 490 | 430 (122) | 1010 | 920 (300) |
RD-6 | 550 | 506 (144) | 950 | 1058 (356) |
Rhombic Cubeoctahedron (RCO) | ||||
RCO-1 | 380 | 348 (59) | 820 | 877 (355) |
RCO-2 | 410 | 369 (59) | 790 | 847 (349) |
RCO-3 | 440 | 486( 113) | 760 | 1089 (402) |
RCO-4 | 470 | 437 (61) | 730 | 754 (359) |
RCO-5 | 500 | 539 (120) | 700 | 1043 (401) |
RCO-6 | 530 | 438 (61) | 670 | 794 (368) |
2.2. Morphological Characterization
2.3. Compressive Testing
2.4. Correlational Analysis
3. Results
Structure Relative Density (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
CAD File | Dry Weighing (SD) | Archimedes (SD) | μCT | |
Cubic (C) | ||||
C-1 | 10 | 11 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 13 |
C-2 | 22 | 21 (0.2) | 22 (0.2) | 24 |
C-3 | 27 | 26 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 28 |
C-4 | 35 | 34 (0.1) | 34 (0.2) | 37 |
Diamond (D) | ||||
D-1 | 11 | 11 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | 11 |
D-2 | 21 | 20 (0.2) | 21 (0.1) | 21 |
D-3 | 28 | 26 (0.4) | 27 (0.3) | 28 |
D-4 | 37 | 34 (0.3) | 35 (0.4) | 36 |
Truncated cube (TC) | ||||
TC-1 | 6 | 7 (0.1) | 7(0.1) | 9 |
TC-2 | 9 | 9 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 11 |
TC-3 | 12 | 12 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 12 |
TC-4 | 16 | 14 (0.2) | 15 (0.2) | 14 |
TC-5 | 21 | 17 (0.2) | 18 (0.1) | 17 |
TC-6 | 24 | 20 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | 20 |
Truncated Cubeoctahedron (TCO) | ||||
TCO-1 | 18 | 20 (0.4) | 20 (0.4) | 19 |
TCO-2 | 21 | 23 (0.2) | 23 (0.2) | 21 |
TCO-3 | 26 | 25 (0.5) | 25 (0.5) | 23 |
TCO-4 | 31 | 28 (0.2) | 28 (0.3) | 28 |
TCO-5 | 34 | 31 (0.3) | 31 (0.3) | 32 |
TCO-6 | 36 | 34 (0.2) | 35 (0.3) | 36 |
Rhombicdodecahdron (RD) | ||||
RD-1 | 10 | 11 (0.3) | 11 (0.4) | 11 |
RD-2 | 15 | 17 (0.2) | 17 (0.1) | 16 |
RD-3 | 20 | 23 (0.2) | 23 (0.1) | 22 |
RD-4 | 25 | 27 (0.1) | 27 (0.2) | 27 |
RD-5 | 29 | 28 (0.3) | 28 (0.3) | 28 |
RD-6 | 34 | 33 (0.3) | 33 (0.2) | 32 |
Rhombic Cubeoctahedron (RCO) | ||||
RCO-1 | 16 | 18 (0.2) | 18 (0.2) | 18 |
RCO-2 | 18 | 21 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) | 21 |
RCO-3 | 21 | 23 (0.3) | 23 (0.3) | 24 |
RCO-4 | 26 | 25 (0.3) | 26 (0.4) | 25 |
RCO-5 | 31 | 29 (0.4) | 29 (0.4) | 27 |
RCO-6 | 36 | 32 (0.3) | 33 (0.5) | 31 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison between the Different Types of Unit Cells
4.2. Ratio of Plateau Stress to Yield Stress
4.3. Energy Absorption
4.4. Anisotropy
4.5. Applications in the Design of Implants and Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
4.6. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ahmadi, S.M.; Yavari, S.A.; Wauthle, R.; Pouran, B.; Schrooten, J.; Weinans, H.; Zadpoor, A.A. Additively Manufactured Open-Cell Porous Biomaterials Made from Six Different Space-Filling Unit Cells: The Mechanical and Morphological Properties. Materials 2015, 8, 1871-1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8041871
Ahmadi SM, Yavari SA, Wauthle R, Pouran B, Schrooten J, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. Additively Manufactured Open-Cell Porous Biomaterials Made from Six Different Space-Filling Unit Cells: The Mechanical and Morphological Properties. Materials. 2015; 8(4):1871-1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8041871
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmadi, Seyed Mohammad, Saber Amin Yavari, Ruebn Wauthle, Behdad Pouran, Jan Schrooten, Harrie Weinans, and Amir A. Zadpoor. 2015. "Additively Manufactured Open-Cell Porous Biomaterials Made from Six Different Space-Filling Unit Cells: The Mechanical and Morphological Properties" Materials 8, no. 4: 1871-1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8041871