Review on Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Polymer | Structure | Polymer | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Polyacetylene | Polyaniline | ||
PEDOT | Polypyrrole | ||
Polyalkyl thiophenes | Poly(2-7carbazoles) |
2. Effect of the Doping Level on the Thermoelectric Properties of Conductive Polymers
2.1. Chemical Doping and De-Doping
Polymer | Dopant | References | Polymer | Dopant | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT | [13,14,21,22,23] | PANI | [24,25,26] | ||
[14,15,16] | H2SO4 | [27,28] | |||
LiClO4 | [10,29,30] | HCl | [31] | ||
BF4 | [32,33,34] | H3PO4 | [35] | ||
PF6− | [10,29,36] | Polycarbazoles | FeCl3 | [37] | |
Polyalkyl thiophenes | FeCl3 | [38] | Polyacetylene | I2 vapour | [39,40] |
I2 vapour | [38] |
2.2. Electrochemical Doping/De-Doping
2.3. Secondary Doping
2.4. Effect of pH on the Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS
2.5. Co-polymers and Polymer Blends
3. Improvement of the Figure of Merit Using Polymer Composites
3.1. Carbon Nanotubes
3.2. Graphene/Graphite
3.3. Inorganic Nanoparticles
System | σ(S·cm−1) | S (µV·K−1) | κ(W·m−1·K−1) | PF (µW·m−1·K−2) | ZT | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT:Tos/ PEO-PPO-PEO electrochem. reduct. | ∼1200 | ∼100 | 1270 | ∼1.02 | [16] | |
PEDOT:PSS + EG treat. | ∼980 | ∼70 | 0.23 | 469 | 0.4 | [48] |
PEDOS-C6 electrochem. reduct. | ∼200 | ∼110 | 354.7 | [83] | ||
PEDOT:PSS + EG treat. + hydrazine reduct. | ∼1300 | ∼49 | 0.3 | 320 | 0.3 | [13] |
PEDOT:Tos + TDEA reduct. | ∼80 | ∼290 | 0.37 | 324 | 0.25 | [13] |
PEDOT:BTFMSI + hydrazine reduct. | ∼1080 | ∼37 | 0.19 | 147 | 0.22 | [10] |
PEDOT:PSS electrochem. reduct. | ∼25 | ∼90 | 0.17 | 23.5 | 0.041 | [21] |
PEDOT:PSS + DMSO 5% | 298 | 12.65 | 4.78 | ∼0.001 | [44] | |
PANI/CSA-doping in m-cresol | 220 | ∼20 | 11 | [25] | ||
PANI doped with H3PO4 | 40 | ∼7 | 0.19 | [17] | ||
polyselenophene and its copolymers with 3-methylthiophene | 0.1–54 | 20–98 | 2–12 | 0.034 | [38] | |
Copolymer of 1,12-bis(carbazolyl) dodecane and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and its copolymers with 3-methylthiophene | 4 × 10−5−0.4 | 75–169 | ∼0.17–0.33 | [52] | ||
Phenylenevinylene block copolymers and their blends with MEH-PPV | 6 × 10−6−14.4 | 7–531 | ∼10−5–1.33 | [45] | ||
PEDOT:PSS + Polythiophenes Bilayered nanofilms | 125–200 | 11–17 | ∼1.5–6 | [53] |
System | σ(S·cm−1) | S(µV·K−1) | κ(W·m−1·K−1) | PF (µW·m−1·K−2) | ZT | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS, DMSO, GA | 400 | 27 | ↑0.4 | 25 | ∼0.02 | [56] |
CNT/PEDOT stabilizer TCPP | 980 | 70 | 500 | [58] | ||
CNT/PVAc | 48 | 45 | 0.34 | 0.006 | [55] | |
SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS PVAc | 1000 | 41 | 0.2–0.4 | 160 | [57] | |
SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS Layered structure | 241 | 38.9 | 21.1 | [84] | ||
SWCNT/PANI | 125 | 40 | 0.2 | 0.004 | [59] | |
3D-CNT/PANI | 40.35 | 23 | 0.29 | 0.0022 | [59] | |
CNT-PANI nanofibers | 15 | 10 | 0.16 | 0.0022 | [85] | |
PANI coated CNT/PANI | 28 | 21.6 | 0.4 | 0.001 | [86] | |
poly(3-hexylthiophene) SWCNTs | 1000 | 29 | 98 | [61] | ||
MWCNT/polithiophene | 6 | 25 | 0.6 | 8.7 × 10−4 | [87] | |
PANI/graphite composites | 100 | 10 | 1.2 | 4.18 | 1.37 × 10−3 | [63] |
PANI/graphene nanosheets pellet | ∼60 | ∼30 | 5.6 | [64] | ||
PANI/graphene nanosheets film | ∼8 | ∼42 | 1.47 | [64] | ||
PANI/graphene nanoplatelets mechanical blending | 123 | 34 | 14 | [66] | ||
PEDOT:PSS/expanded graphite | 213 | 15 | 5.31 | [68] | ||
PEDOT:PSS/graphene fullerene | 700 | 25 | 0.4 | 0.06 | [69] |
System | σ (S·cm−1) | S (µV·K−1) | κ (W·m−1·K−1) | PF (µW·m−1·K−2) | ZT | Refs. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT:PSS PAA Bi2Te3 | 380 | 79 | 0.36 | ∼240 | 0.2 | [77] | |||
PEDOT:PSS Bi2Te3 | 250 | 150 | 0.558 | 131 | 0.08 | [74] | |||
PANI Bi2Te3 nanorods p-type | 11.626 | 39 | 0.11 | 1.8 | 0.004 | [74] | |||
PANI Bi2Te3 nanorods n-type | 23 | −70 | 10 | [74] | |||||
PEDOT:PSS Bi2Te3 films | 421 | 18.6 | 0.07 | 9.9 | 0.04 | [76] | |||
PEDOT:PSS Te | 19.3 | 163 | 0.22–0.3 | 70.9 | 0.1 | [78] | |||
PEDOT:PSS Te nanowire | ∼15 | 260 | 100 | [79] | |||||
PEDOT:PSS Te nanowire | ∼12 | 170 | 35 | [80] | |||||
PEDOT:PSS Gold nanorod | ∼2000 | 12 | 20 | [80] | |||||
PH3T Bi2Te3 | ∼4.5 | 118 | 6.3 | [88] |
4. Theoretical Models of Thermoelectric Transport in Polymers
4.1. Phenomenological Models
4.2. Models Based on ab Initio Techniques
5. Summary
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Abbreviation List
PEDOT | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
PPy | polypyrrole |
PANI | polyaniline |
Tos | p-toluenesulfonate |
PSS | polystyrenesulfonate |
MEH-PPV | poly-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)phenylenevinylene) |
CNT | carbon nanotube |
GN | grafene |
TCPP | meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine |
PEDOS-C6 | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) |
SWCNT | singlewall carbon nanotube |
DWCNT | doublewall carbon nanotube |
MWCNT | multiwall carbon nanotube |
P3HT | poly(3-hexylthiophene) |
Pth | polythiophene |
P3MeT | poly(3-Metylthiophene) |
PEO-PPO-PEO | poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-blockpoly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymer |
CSA | camphorsulfonic acid |
EG | ethylene glycol |
DMSO | dimethylsulfoxide |
PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
PEI | polyethyleneimine |
PVAc | poly(vinyl acetate) |
PAA | poly(acrylic acid) |
BTFMSI | bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide |
TDEA | tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Culebras, M.; Gómez, C.M.; Cantarero, A. Review on Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications. Materials 2014, 7, 6701-6732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096701
Culebras M, Gómez CM, Cantarero A. Review on Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications. Materials. 2014; 7(9):6701-6732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096701
Chicago/Turabian StyleCulebras, Mario, Clara M. Gómez, and Andrés Cantarero. 2014. "Review on Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications" Materials 7, no. 9: 6701-6732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096701