Magnetic Glass Ceramics by Sintering of Borosilicate Glass and Inorganic Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Processing Methods
Component | S1 | S2 | BS |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical composition (wt%) | |||
SiO2 | 29 | 24 | 72 |
FeO | 52 | 32 | – |
Al2O3 | 4 | 6 | 7 |
CaO | 2 | 21 | 1 |
MgO | 1 | 1 | – |
Na2O | <1 | <1 | 6 |
K2O | <1 | <1 | 2 |
ZnO | 7 | 7 | – |
2.2. Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties
2.3. Chemical Durability Tests
2.4. Cytotoxicity Investigation
2.5. Induction Heating Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructural Evolution
3.2. Mechanical and Functional Characterization
Sample | Sintering Temperature (°C) | Apparent density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) | Elastic modulus (GPa) | Bending strength (MPa) | Vickers Hardness (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25% S1 | 900 | 2.34 ± 0.01 | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 69.0 ± 14.9 | 39.6 ± 11.1 | 5.3 ± 2.1 |
50% S1 | 1000 | 2.39 ± 0.01 | 16.4 ± 0.5 | 62.3 ± 13.4 | 33.0 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.1 |
25% S2 | 900 | 2.32 ± 0.01 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 69.3 ± 4.8 | 37.6 ± 6.2 | 4.6 ± 0.7 |
50% S2 | 1000 | 2.39 ± 0.01 | 18.1 ± 0.5 | 56.8 ± 3.0 | 32.4 ± 7.6 | 5.4 ± 1.3 |
3.3. Chemical Stability and Cytotoxicity Studies
Element | Leachate (ppm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | 25 wt% S1 900 °C | 25 wt% S2 900 °C | EN Limits # |
As | <0.0049 | <0.0049 | 0.5 |
Ba | 0.0029 | 0.0538 | 20 |
Cd | <0.0002 | <0.0002 | 0.04 |
Cr | <0.0004 | <0.0004 | 0.5 |
Cu | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2 |
Hg | <0.0004 | <0.0004 | 0.01 |
Mo | <0.0033 | 0.0048 | 0.5 |
Ni | 0.0302 | 0.0166 | 0.4 |
Pb | <0.0047 | 0.0077 | 0.5 |
Sb * | n.d. | n.d. | 0.06 |
Se | <0.0122 | <0.0122 | 0.1 |
Zn | <0.0203 | <0.0203 | 4 |
4. Conclusions
- Metallurgical slags were successfully sintered, mixed with recycled borosilicate glass, at temperatures not exceeding 1000 °C. The developed glass ceramics, owing to the negligible water absorption, could be used as low-cost lightweight tiles;
- Fe-rich phases developed according to slag/glass interactions;
- Owing to the presence of magnetite, the developed glass ceramics (for a slag concentration of 25 wt%), exhibit intensive heating when subjected to an alternating magnetic field, so that they could be applied as novel heating elements;
- The chemical durability of the glass ceramics was assessed by TCLP testing, while the materials biocompatibility was confirmed by cytotoxicity tests.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ponsot, I.M.M.M.; Pontikes, Y.; Baldi, G.; Chinnam, R.K.; Detsch, R.; Boccaccini, A.R.; Bernardo, E. Magnetic Glass Ceramics by Sintering of Borosilicate Glass and Inorganic Waste. Materials 2014, 7, 5565-5580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085565
Ponsot IMMM, Pontikes Y, Baldi G, Chinnam RK, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR, Bernardo E. Magnetic Glass Ceramics by Sintering of Borosilicate Glass and Inorganic Waste. Materials. 2014; 7(8):5565-5580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085565
Chicago/Turabian StylePonsot, Inès M. M. M., Yiannis Pontikes, Giovanni Baldi, Rama K. Chinnam, Rainer Detsch, Aldo R. Boccaccini, and Enrico Bernardo. 2014. "Magnetic Glass Ceramics by Sintering of Borosilicate Glass and Inorganic Waste" Materials 7, no. 8: 5565-5580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085565