Microstructural Characterization of Calcite-Based Powder Materials Prepared by Planetary Ball Milling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
Inorganic element (wt %) a | Organic element (wt %) b | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Mg | Si | Al | Fe | Sr | Na | P | Ti | C | H | N |
35.3 | 0.388 | 0.557 | 0.431 | 0.223 | 0.09 | 1.06 | 0.08 | 0.013 | 11.55 | 0.48 | 0.00 |
2.2. Experimental Apparatus and Procedures
- Rotational speed: 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 rpm (denoted as S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, respectively);
- Grinding time: 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min (denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively);
- Sample mass: 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 g (denoted as M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5, respectively).
2.3. Characterization of Resulting Powder Materials
2.3.1. Pore Property
2.3.2. True Density
2.3.3. Particle Size Distribution
2.3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Observation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pore Property
Sample ID | BET surface area (m2·g−1) | Total pore volume (cm3·g−1) | True density (g·cm−3) | Porosity (-) f |
---|---|---|---|---|
WOS-RW | 4.05 | 0.0244 | 2.596 | 0.06 |
WOS-S1 a | 5.52 | 0.0276 | 2.622 | 0.07 |
WOS-S2 a | 7.31 | 0.0532 | 2.611 | 0.12 |
WOS-S3 a,d | 10.64 e | 0.0660 | 2.606 | 0.15 |
WOS-S4 a | 9.18 | 0.0579 | 2.584 | 0.13 |
WOS-S5 a | 8.04 | 0.0454 | 2.575 | 0.11 |
WOS-T1 b | 4.14 | 0.0359 | 2.620 | 0.09 |
WOS-T2 b | 7.37 | 0.0429 | 2.621 | 0.10 |
WOS-T3 b,d | 10.64 e | 0.0660 | 2.606 | 0.15 |
WOS-T4 b | 9.20 | 0.0682 | 2.590 | 0.15 |
WOS-T5 b | 6.30 | 0.0382 | 2.599 | 0.09 |
WOS-T6 b | 5.92 | 0.0322 | 2.582 | 0.08 |
WOS-M1 c | 5.41 | 0.0484 | 2.508 | 0.11 |
WOS-M2 c | 7.20 | 0.0536 | 2.577 | 0.12 |
WOS-M3 c,d | 10.64 e | 0.0660 | 2.606 | 0.15 |
WOS-M4 c | 7.06 | 0.0474 | 2.636 | 0.11 |
WOS-M5 c | 6.11 | 0.0368 | 2.641 | 0.09 |
3.2. Particle Size Distribution
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Observation
4. Conclusions
- Under the rotational speed of 200–600 rpm, grinding time of 5–180 min and sample mass loading of 1–10 g, the grinding treatment significantly changes the surface properties of the calcite-based minerals. The pore properties of the optimal resulting powder are 10.64 m2·g−1, 0.066 cm3·g−1, and 0.15 based on BET surface area, total pore volume and porosity, respectively, as compared to those (i.e., 4.05 m2·g−1, 0.024 cm3·g−1, and 0.06) of the starting material. This finding was also consistent with the particle size measurement (i.e., 9.7 vs. 15.0 μm of mean diameter).
- From the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, a typical Type II was found in the resulting powders, indicating that the isotherms are characterized by the nonporous materials or materials with macropores or open voids. However, a small hysteresis loop was also seen in the isotherms, suggesting that a small amount of mesopore with wide slit-shaped mouth exists in the fine powder.
- According to the observations in the SEM, the surface roughness can be enhanced as particle size decreases as a result of particle-particle attrition, suggesting that the specific surface areas of resulting powders hence increase with increasing fractural impact during high-energy ball milling.
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Tsai, W.-T. Microstructural Characterization of Calcite-Based Powder Materials Prepared by Planetary Ball Milling. Materials 2013, 6, 3361-3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6083361
Tsai W-T. Microstructural Characterization of Calcite-Based Powder Materials Prepared by Planetary Ball Milling. Materials. 2013; 6(8):3361-3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6083361
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Wen-Tien. 2013. "Microstructural Characterization of Calcite-Based Powder Materials Prepared by Planetary Ball Milling" Materials 6, no. 8: 3361-3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6083361